Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Nestle Market Research

Introduction In this research work the company chosen is Nestle. We have tried to cover the brief history of the company, vision, mission and objectives of the company. This brief history and other sub heading under company background is compulsory to be understood and researched well as they form the basis for marketing plan of the company. We have also tried to cover the internal and external environments for the company and countries for its future rowth and further marketing planning strategy Analysis 1. Nestle Worldwide 1. 1. Overview of Nestle All over the planet, people know Nestle. Nestle is a Swiss multinational nutritional and health-related consumer goods company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues among the world's 40 largest corporations. Nestle was founded in 1867 by Henri Nestle. Its international R;amp;D network supports the products made in more than 500 factories in 86 countries.The Nestle factories a re operating in the region of: 1. Africa 2. America 3. Asia 4. Europe 5. Oceania Being a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains sensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the well being of its consumers Nestle’s Philosophy: Good Food, Good Life is the very essence of Nestle and this philosophy can be traced back to our beginnings. 1. 2. Nestle’s VisionThe Nestle global vision is to be the leading Company in health, wellness and nutrition in the world. In particular, they envision to: * Meet the needs of consumers of every age group from infancy to old age, for nutrition and pleasure, through development of a large variety of food categories of the highest quality. * Lead an extremely motivated and professionally trained workforce, which would drive growth through innovation and renovation. * Deliver shar eholder value through profitable long-term growth, while continuing to play a significant and responsible role in the ocial, economic and environmental sectors of the country. s * Nestle brands are the preferred choice in their categories. Consumer insight drives all aspects of Nestle’s marketing and communication efforts. 1. 3. Nestle’s Mission Nestle’s mission, in the words of our founder Henri Nestle, is: â€Å"Nestle is dedicated to providing the best foods to people throughout their day, throughout their lives, throughout the world. With our unique experience of anticipating consumers' needs and creating solutions, Nestle contributes to your well-being and enhances your quality of life. 1. 4. Nestle’s Objectives Nestle’s objectives are to be recognized as a leading, competitive, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company trusted by all its stakeholders, and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry. Its chief objectives are: * To achieve compatibility with international voluntary standards on environmental management systems. * To build mutual trust with consumers, governmental authorities and business partners. * To ensure continuous improvement of Nestles environmental performance. Conservation of natural resources and minimization of waste. * Total compliance with the laws. * To establish the benchmark for good business practice. * Employing new technologies and processing. By committing to resources, both human and financial. Measuring the cost and benefits to business of its activities 1. 5. Product mix of Nestle Baby foods| Cerelac, Gerber, Gerber Graduates, NaturNes, Nestum| Bottled water| Nestle Pure Life, Perrier, Poland Spring, S.Pellegrino| Cereals| Chocapic, Cini Minis, Cookie Crisp, Estrelitas, Fitness, Nesquik Cereal| Chocolate & Confectionery| Aero, Butterfinger, Cailler, Crunch, Kit Kat, Orion, Smarties, Wonka| Coffee | Nescafe, Nescafe 3 in 1, Nescafe Cappuccino, Nescafe Classic, Nes cafe Decaff, Nescafe Dolce Gusto, Nescafe Gold, Nespresso| Culinary,chilled and frozen food| Buitoni, Herta, Hot Pockets, Lean Cuisine, Maggi, Stouffer's, Thomy| Dairy | Carnation, Coffee-Mate, La Laitiere, Nido| Drinks | Juicy Juice, Milo, Nesquik, Nestea|Food service| Chef, Chef-Mate, Maggi, Milo, Minor’s, Nescafe, Nestea, Sjora, Lean Cuisine, Stouffer's| Healthcare nutrition| Boost, Nutren Junior, Peptamen, Resource| Ice cream| Dreyer’s, Extreme, Haagen-Dazs, Movenpick, Nestle Ice Cream| Pet care| Alpo, Bakers Complete, Beneful, Cat Chow, Chef Michael’s Canine Creations, Dog Chow, Fancy Feast, Felix, Friskies, Gourmet, Purina, Purina ONE, Pro Plan| Sports nutrition| Power Bar| Weight management| Jenny Craig| 2. Environment of Nestle 2. 1.Internal business environment 2. 1. 1 Managers Nestle Company is a decentralized organization that organized according to matrix structure. Nestle Company as a decentralized organization allows its subordinate organizations t o enjoy a relatively high-level of autonomy. Although it still makes major strategy decisions at the headquarter level, daily operations are left up to subordinate organizations to derive and implement. The responsibility for operating decisions is pushed down to local units.Nestle has a strong top management team which runs on strong values and principles of the company. The efficient top management of the company is able to run finance, operation, marketing, logistics, sales, and research and development departments with great success which ultimately leads to the fulfillment of the goal of the organization. Senior members are of diverse origins and backgrounds. * Board of Directors The Board of Directors is the ultimate governing body of the Company. It is responsible for the ultimate supervision of the Group.The Board attends to all matters which are not reserved for the Annual General Meeting or another governance body of the Company by law, the Articles of Association or speci fic regulations issued by the Board of Directors. * Chairman The Chairman has the right to represent the organization to implement the company’s rights and obligations, take responsibility to the law and the owners of the organization about the rights and duties are assigned, strategizing development plans of the company and organization those through the decision of the Board. CEO The Board of Directors delegates to the CEO, with the authorization to sub delegate, the power to manage the Company’s and the Group are business, subject to law, the Articles of Association and the Regulations of the Board of Directors. The CEO chairs the Executive Board and delegates to its members individually the powers necessary for carrying out their responsibilities, within the limits fixed in the Executive Board’s Regulations. 2. 1. 2. EmployeesThe Nestle team comprises around 328,000 employees, 29% are based in Europe, 33. 6% in the Americas and 37. 4% in Asia, Oceania and Af rica. Their challenge is to combine strategic corporate leadership with strong, responsive local leadership to achieve consistent high levels of performance and corporate responsibility across their business Nestle has a rich working culture which motivates its employees to serve best to its customers with the help of the variety present in their product range.Nestle has included the benefits of the employees in the goal statement of the organization as the management of the company strongly believe that the productivity, quality and the dependability will reflect on the product only if the employees take care of all these factors. Different departments of the company work to contribute in the growth of the organization and these departments not only keep the customer's needs and demand in mind but also keep the same type of attention for the internal customers of Nestle.The company believes if the internal market of the company is fully satisfied, the internal market will be able t o serve to its customers and able to understand their needs and able to manufacture the products which can fulfill these needs 2. 2. External environment 2. 2. 1. Customers The immediate customers of Nestle are retail and grocery stores which provide the products of the company to the end customers at a reasonable price and a reasonable profit.The end customers of Nestle are the consumers who consume its wide range of product. The company has a bright brand image in its big pool of end customers. Nestle has an extensive marketing network to figure out the target customers, it has marketing specialist to understand the market place and the customer needs, secondly to is spending a lot to figure out the customer’s preferences regarding the substitutes of its products in order to bring the customers on board and retain them.Nestle has an extensive market share, due to the reason that its customers are brand loyal and do not compromise over quality and same is the case with the c ompany’s quality assurance (QA) team. One of the principle strategies that Nestle utilizes is to produce differentiated products for each age group in order to get a high market share and preferences over others. 2. 2. 2. Suppliers Suppliers provide the resources like labor and material resources to produce goods and services. They add to customer overall value delivery system.Labor supplies include handling of * Quantity of labor * Quality of labor * Labor strikes * Labor relations Material supplies deals with the * Quantity of material * Quality of material * Price of material * Stability of material inputs * Delivery delays Nestle efficiently handles the quality, quantity, price and stability of both material and labor supplies. Management maps out the strategies for labor strikes, supply shortages and delays to avoid increasing the cost of production, which can badly affect sales in short run and customer satisfaction in long run. . 2. 3. Competitors Competitors also play a vital role in effecting the way in which the organization operates, competitors are basically the rival firms in the same market which is providing the same product in the case of Nestle the are many competitors since there is a wide range of products offered by Nestle Nestle's largest international competitors are Kraft Foods, Unilever and Mars Incorporated. It also faces competition in local markets or specific product ranges from numerous companies, including Sara Lee and DanoneNescafe is one of the world-famous brands of Nestle with a long history of development and illustrious reputation. Therefore we choose this brand to go deeper analysis of its production as well as its distribution. 3. Input and output 3. 1. Inputs 3. 1. 1. Raw material Coffee beans and water are the basic ingredients used to make coffee, but there are as many ways to make coffee as there are coffee drinkers. All Nescafe coffees are made of 100% pure coffee beans. The only exceptions are our ready-made c offee mixes and mixtures. They contain other ingredients such as whitener and sugar, which are commonly added to coffee.Raw materials are selected from the freshest coffee beans through the production process with the highest quality standards, properly roasted to keep the aroma of coffee are naturally charming 3. 1. 2. Labor Teams of professional preparation and testing are well trained. The sensitive senses of coffee experts allow them to recognize the best qualities as grinding, roasting and tasting raw materials. 3. 1. 3. Technology The company also has modern production technology and strictly quality control system in all stages of production. 3. 2. Outputs 3. 2. 1. Nescafe’s productsNescafe products include: Nescafe Original, Nescafe Classic, Nescafe Clasico, Nescafe Gold Blend, Nescafe Black Gold, Nescafe Special Filtre (in France), Cafe Parisien (The Paris experience), Nescafe Allen, Nescafe Espresso, Nescafe Red Cup, Nescafe Blend†¦ to name just a few. 3. 2. 2. Distribution Nescafe also be distributed under Nestle’s distribution system with the 2 major channels of distribution: Traditional distribution channels and Modern distribution channels. * Traditional distribution channels (grocery): Organize the sales staff to distribute products to individual households through market channels & shop. Modern distribution channels (key account): Deliver goods to consumers through supermarket, metro or distribution chain system. Furthermore Nestle is currently holding Out Of Home (OOH) distribution channel such as restaurants, hotels, at-work, factories, etc†¦ There are specific products for this channel to cater fully for the professional chef, a full merchandise to cater to the world standard hotel as 5 star hotels or the high-rate corporate office †¦ called NESTLE PROFESSIONAL parts distribution. 3. 3. Research for production of Nescafe-Nestle in VietnamTo ensure a large output power, the company must be combined with the Vi etnamese government to build long-term plan for raw materials to ensure the production of the company. Build strategic Materials areas by combining with fertilizer companies and agricultural extension centers to sign a contract directly with farmers. Furthermore, collaborate with scientists and local authorities in the provinces of Dak Lak, Lam Dong and Dong Nai-the key coffee growing regions in Vietnam- to build the model farm, offering new varieties of high yield and send some Vietnamese scientists to some Center of research and development in developing countries.Regarding technology, the big companies like Nestle will find advanced technology in the world to ensure that few workers record the highest results. Moreover, the company will provide technical assistance to coffee growers so that they can provide better quality and have higher income About labor at the factory the company will cooperate with Vietnamese Ministry of Labor to learn about the workforce in Vietnam or the co mpany will cooperate with the local center for workers promotion or the surrounding areas to make sure human resources are available if the company needs.The company will have a separate department to do this. 4. Manufacturing process * Harvesting It all starts on the plantations, where farmers tend to the coffee plants and harvest the coffee cherries, usually by hand. The next thing they have to do is separate the bean from the outer shell of the cherry. This is done either by drying the beans in the sun or by washing them in a pulping machine before drying them. * Drying To get at the coffee beans inside each cherry, the beans need to be separated from the skin, pulpa and parchment.This is achieved by drying the cherries under the sun or by soaking the cherries in hot water. The dry beans have a greenish tinge and are therefore known as ‘green beans'. They are usually exported for blending and roasting. By combining different types of beans you can give the resulting coffee a more rounded taste. Once you have the right blend of beans, the most important phase of coffee production begins: the roasting * Roasting Once the green coffee beans have been selected, the beans need to be roasted to release the aroma and taste we know as coffee. In fact, this important rocess is one of the most fundamental parts in producing the flavorful taste and rich aroma of NESCAFE coffees. During roasting, the coffee beans expand and change in color. They turn to yellow once they absorb heat and then to brown as the beans lose their water content. The beans turn darker as they release their oils, giving the coffee its flavor. Depending on the roasting equipment and the desired flavor of the coffee, green beans are roasted at between 180 °C and 240 °C for between three and fifteen minutes. * Grinding After roasting, the beans are ready for grinding.The particle size of the grind; whether coarse or medium, fine or very fine depends on the brewing method and equipment use d. Grinding increases the surface area of the coffee, allowing the flavor to be extracted more easily. * Processing To make NESCAFE ® Pure Soluble Coffee, the ground coffee is put into an industrial percolator containing hot water under pressure to brew a highly concentrated liquid coffee, called coffee liquor. The coffee liquor is then spray dried by passing it through a continuous stream of hot air, changing it into fine particles.This is the process for making NESCAFE CLASSIC ® coffee. Alternatively, the coffee liquor is snap frozen and then ground into the required particle size. The particles are suspended in a vacuum tunnel with low heat, causing ice crystals to form and leaving particles of freeze-dried NESCAFE GOLD ® coffee. 5. Marketing strategy for Nescafe in Vietnam 5. 1. Price Launch several product lines aimed at the large and diverse segment of the market. Each segment has different product lines with reasonable price and can be accepted but still ensure high qua lity. For classes of consumers with high incomes and interested in quality: the Nescafe Gold, Premium with higher prices and higher quality compared to other common products * For classes of consumers with average incomes – a large segment: with Blend 43, Mild Roast, Espresso products †¦ consumers receive economic benefits as well as product quality. * For young people: new product such as Latte with the relative prices. Deploy promotions, discounts to attract customers and increase purchasing power 5. 2. PlaceBuild strong distribution network with distributors and retailers to cover the market with high density. Develop the retail system to ensure the company's products are available to serve customers: retail outlets at premier sites e. g. Bus stand, Railway station†¦ Implement incentive policy about pricing and commission to agents to encourage them to introduce and offer products to customers at the reasonable price. Other than that, Nestle can put their vending machine in a place that always full of people such as shopping mall, airport, hospital, school and any other place.Associate with supermarkets and shopping centers by opening sophisticated parlors with more value added services; improve the area, type and number of the company’s products here. Expand promoting trade into neighboring countries such as Laos, Cambodia, west Asia countries, where Nestle’s products are not available or do not meet the requirements. 5. 3. Promotion Take advantages of company such as brand reputation, quality products to increase market share Use mass media to advertise products to consumers: * TV commercial * Magazine and newspaper advertizing * Public event * Online advertizing Social networking Use other form of advertising such as non-media communication or advertising. Some of the ways are participating exhibitions, sponsorship activities, public relations and sales promotion such as giving freebies with good or reduced price Construct showrooms to introduce the company’s products and distribute sample products to the customers. Intensify customer care service by holding seminars about nutrition and healthiness, informing customer about Nestle’s products. References * Jafaa, M. S. (2009) Nestle Marketing strategy for Marketing Report – Nestle Milo [online].Publication 25 November 2009 [accessed 16 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/26214574/5/Nestle-Marketing-strategy * Brabeck, P. (2011) Nestle Malaysia Marketing Strategy [online]. Publication 8 March 2011 [accessed 16 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. allfreepapers. com/print/Nestle-Malaysia-Marketing-Strategy/1020. html * Aziz, M. K. (2009) Marketing Management Strategies of Nestle [online]. Publication 20 May 2009 [accessed 18 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/61960026/Nestle * Nescafe (2008) Coffee Production [online].Publication 18 December 2008 [accessed 19 June 2012]. Available from: htt p://www. nescafe. co. uk/coffee_production_en_co_uk. axcms * Khan, S. A. (2011) TQM 2nd Assignment on Nestle [online]. Publication 16 February 2011 [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/86194068/TQM-2nd-Assignment-on-Nestle * Nestle (no date) Mission and Vision [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. Nestle. co. za/aboutus/Pages/MissionVision. aspx * Nescafe (no date) Coffee Roasting [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 21 June 2012].Available from: http://www. nescafe. com/coffee_roasting_en_com. axcms * Nescafe (no date) Coffee Ingredients [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. nescafe. com/coffee_ingredients_en_com. axcms * Nestle (2011) Nescafe [online]. United Kingdom: Nestle UK [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. Nestle. co. uk/brands/coffee/Pages/Coffee. aspx * Nescafe (2011) Corp Governance Report 2011 [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 23 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. Nestle. com/Media/Reports/Pages/Reports. aspx.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

College Development Essay

Residential life is part of almost every college or university. When most people think about residential life, they think of dorms and roommates; however, residential life is much more. The organizations are mostly divided into three units that make it all work: residence life programs, housing operations, and room assignments. (â€Å"College and university,†) Residence life is one of the major parts of a student’s environment. They only spend about twenty percent of their time in classrooms, as they spend most of their free time in housing. Residential life helps students to develop as young adults and future leaders. â€Å"The purpose of residence life programs is to provide educational programming, nonclinical counseling, and support for student learning†. (â€Å"College and university,†) People who are employed in residential programs mostly focus on improving student life and its safety, which helps to develop communication skills among people and also increase personal growth among student peers. The second unit of resident life is housing operations; they deal with daily tasks such as cleanliness, construction, and management. In a residential setting, is important to keep the environment clean and the buildings running properly in order for the community to work. The last unit of residential life is room assignments, in which finding the best-fit roommate is the most important. This area of residential life is designated to make room changes and monitor the occupancy of other housings. If there is a situation where problem occurs among roommates, the roommate assignment staff tries to find the best solution to find a resolution. Although it is often not realized, Residential Life is a big part of student life as it is a major factor in shaping a student’s experience in the institution. To ensure that residential life is at its best, the institution hires educated and professional staff. Almost every floor in each dorm has a residential assistant, who is responsible for maintaining a positive environment and be there for students if they are having a hard time adjusting. Residential assistants also welcome the students back to their dorms and inform students about upcoming activities and clubs. At the beginning of the school year, the RA creates a Facebook page for the people that they are responsible for and have group meetings to discuss issues and regulations. This helps new students feel welcome in their dorm and creates an environment where students can interact with other people in their dorms. Most dorms also have residence directors or graduate assistance. â€Å"Their responsibilities usually include staff development of their RAs, student counseling, educational programming, enforcement of institutional policies in the residence halls, and may also include other functions such as academic advising, intramural sports adviser, and facilities management†. (â€Å"College and university,†) If the RA cannot deal with a problem, they report to residence director or graduate assistance, depending on who is available to their building. The staff goes through training to make sure that every need of a student is met. â€Å"There is a strong need for well-qualified, educated, and trained entry-lever live-in professional staff in campus residence halls to support and achieve the academic and educational goals of the institution† (Belch, Wilson & Dunkel). It is important for students to be engaged and connected to school spirit, as it is more likely that they will remain in that institution. (Brooks). Each institution wants to give the best experience and education possible to their students. The person that oversees the Residential Assistants, Residential Directors, and Graduate Assistances is the Assistant Director of Residential Life. Keyne Cahoon is the Assistant Director of residential Life at Northeastern University and has many tasks during the day that keep her busy: â€Å"My primary responsibility is to directly supervise 5, 2 GAs, and indirectly supervise approximately 50 RAs. Additionally, I am responsible for the overall administration of the residential student conduct process (so I work with OSCCR to review and assign cases where residential student are involved), I am in charge of the professional staff recruitment and selection process (so I recruit and coordinate the process to hire all RDs and Assistant Directors of Residential Life), and I serve as a core team member of We Care†. (Cahoon, 2013) Being an Assistant Director of Residential Life is more than just dealing with housing situations. It involves a lot of communication among co-workers, documentations, and solving sometimes-unrealistic problems. Keyne Cahoon enjoys this challenge: â€Å"I enjoy students’ energy and excitement. I enjoy helping them figure out a problem and helping them solve it themselves†. (Cahoon, 2013) She is really involved in the community and enjoys every second of it. She finds her job very interesting and her passion makes her job a hobby. The only person who oversees her work is Brie McCormick, the Associate Director of Residential Life. She supervises the Assistant Director of Residential Life and deals with a lot of day-to-day issues for the department as a whole. The Associate Dean of Cultural, Residential & Spiritual Life of Northeastern University is Robert Jose. He represents the Residential life as a whole unit. The theories that Residential Life uses are theories of organizations and campus environments, typology theories and models, and student success theories. All of these theories have the main focus to improve on student life outside of the classroom. Residential Life aims to provide complex learning by giving students the opportunities to make friends, be part of a groups or a clubs, play a sports, and much more. Living in dorms teaches them how to deal with every day situations in classrooms or outside. Students will be able to be â€Å"able to apply acquired knowledge to everyday situations, able to communicate clearly and effectively, acts responsibly to others, is civic minded, understands and appreciates those of other nationalities and cultures, is self-aware, and has a sense of connectedness to the university†. (Brooks) Living in the dorms helps students prepare for life after college or university and enables them to apply the things they have learned to a variety of situations. References Belch, H. A. , Wilson, M. E. , & Dunkel, N. (n. d. ). Cultures of success:recruiting and retaining new live-in residence life professionals. The College Student Affairs Journal, 27(2), 176-193. Brooks, S. E. (n. d. ). The connection between residence life and first-year student retention at the university of Pittsburgh. The Journal of College and University Student Housing, 37(1), 12-23. College and university residence halls – purpose of residence halls, organization and administration, residence hall staffing, residence hall student government read more: College and university residence halls – purpose of residence halls, organization and administration, residence hall staffing, residence hall student government. (n. d. ). Retrieved from.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Holcim Italia S.p.A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Holcim Italia S.p.A - Essay Example While the company's sales continue to grow, Holcim loses its market share as the market develops more rapidly. In order to solve this problem the case study fulfils the following objectives: The case study is divided into two main sections: situation analysis and presentation of possible solutions. The situation analysis starts with drawing the general picture of Holcim's market environment. Further on main competitors of the company are introduced. Then the market analysis by segments proceeds. The situation analysis ends with interim summary of the information acquired. The next section, alternative solution is divided into five subsections discussing what changes can be made in order to affect the whole cement market and each of its segments. Conclusion sums up the information acquired from the case study. Italian cement market has experienced decline and recovery of the demand in the past decade. The volume of national demand was 34.868 million tons in 1994. Then in two years it fell down by 2.95% to 33.623 million tons. In 1998 national demand has almost recovered from the downfall getting back to the volume of 1994: 34.685 million tons. The next two years marked a significant increase of demand: 36.147 million tons in 1999 and 38.338 million tons in 2000. ... The changes in volumes of demand were conditioned with changes in the building industry. Its recession in the first half of 1990s caused the decline of cement demand volumes. Then this setback stopped and cement market resumed its growth. In the meantime, some qualitative changes occurred in purchasing processes during these years. While personal relations between sellers and buyers of cement were important in the past, their value has recently declined along with the increase of importance of technical requirements and information exchange. The demand has become more sophisticated, and purchasing process has become more professional in the cement industry. Introduction to main players in Northwestern region Unlike other European countries, Italian cement industry consists of large number of independent manufacturers, competing fiercely with each other. The scope of our case study requires us to look not on the competition on the whole national market but only on its Northwestern region. Therefore it is important to add that, while the behaviour of the demand in Northwestern region is almost the same as in the whole country, the latter regional increase of demand in 1999-2000 was even higher: 10.9 million tons in 2000 against 8.717 million tons in 1994, which means a 25% increase. Thus, the regional cement market of the Northwestern Italy grows faster than the whole national market. Holcim Italia S.p.A., which is a "main character" of our case study, has 3 factories in the Northwestern region and a market share of 23% in 2000. It is a multi-regional company with long and proud history, and it is perceived by customers as a solid and prestigious cement manufacturer. The advantages of the company are: high-tech machinery and sophisticated

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 48

Journal - Essay Example The story also presents an existing conflict between human rights bodies, tribesmen, and police, against ISIS. The group had done these actions before in Syria, which led to mass deaths, and abduction of women and children. The main aim of this story is to expose the extent of human rights violation by ISIS purporting to protect religion, but goes to the extreme mile of executing people, and kidnapping. The target audience in this story is human rights organizations and peacekeepers in Iraq. The writer presents photos and videos showing activities and executions done by ISIS in the past and seems to highlight the negative effects, pain and suffering people are going through because of ISIS. The picture presentation has an element of emotional appeal due to the dull pictures showing the ISIS in action holding guns, which gives a chilling effect. This story fails to give an in-depth background about ISIS and people reading this news for the first time shall not fully understand the

Saturday, July 27, 2019

To what extent are labour and capital really mobile within the EU Essay

To what extent are labour and capital really mobile within the EU - Essay Example hick (2005, 4) European Union would be rather considered as a ‘treaty-based, institutional framework that defines and manages political and economic cooperation among its 25 member states (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom)’. On the other hand, it has been found that all member states tend to be influenced by specific social and financial phenomena like the following ones: ‘market globalization, the European single market, and European supranational institutions’ (Verdier, 2001, 227). The reference to the above phenomena is made by Verdier (2001) because these phenomena are mostly related with the following sectors of European Union: ‘labour market, capital market, electoral competition, and centre-local government relations’ (Ve rdier, 2001, 227). In accordance with the above the freedoms provided to the citizens of the member states can be limited under the influence of specific factors that can be related not only with the public sector but also with the private one (as it is represented by the multinational firms that participate in the development of globalization internationally). With a reference especially to the movement of persons and capital across the EU, it is stated by Malone (1999, 54) that ‘right from the outset, two of the fundamental objectives of the European Union (as it is called today) have been to facilitate the free movement of labour and the free movement of capital across member states’. On the other hand, the study of Donaghey et al. (2006) refers especially to the movement of persons (especially of workers) within the European Union. More specifically, it is noticed by the above researchers that ‘citizens of the EU have the right to work in another Member State and the right to reside there for that

Should U.S immigration law be changed to allow more workers from Essay

Should U.S immigration law be changed to allow more workers from Mexico to enter legally - Essay Example The U.S government is trying create legislation concerning Mexican immigrants who legally enter the country and regulating the number of Mexican illegal immigrants. Despite a lot of controversy, the U.S government has not resolve the problem yet. Mexican immigration is a problem that the people of America and Mexico can not resolve easily. In this paper, I will identify the concerns of people who think illegal Mexican immigrants have negative impacts on the U.S economically and socially. Even though there are some people who advocate accepting Mexican immigrants, there are a lot of people still in opposition of Mexican immigration. A high percentage of U.S. citizens are opposed to Mexican immigration. These citizens are made up of a majority of low-income people, various minorities, and blacks. These people compete with the illegal Mexican immigrates for lower paying jobs. The illegal Mexican immigration brings out economical problems. According to Steven A. Camarota, over 55 percent of Americans are against the amnesty of illegal Mexican immigrants. In addition, 62 percent of these Americans come from low-income households and are opposed to accepting Mexican illegal immigrants (Camarota, p.1). Since, the illegal Mexican immigrants are cheap labor; low-income natives are concerned the illegal Mexican immigrants will lower the average wages. Furthermore, because employers prefer to hire illegal Mexican immigrants, for cheap labor, the economist are worried about the increased unemployment rate of natives. Economists are also concerned that illegal Mexican immigrants will have a negative impact on the U.S. economy. The illegal Mexican immigrants not only lower the wage of low-income natives, but they also increase the unemployment rate of uneducated youth. The inflow of illegal Mexican immigrants into U.S industry makes the supply of workers increase. Naturally, the excess supply of workers reduces average wages; the employer than can keep

Friday, July 26, 2019

The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides - Essay Example The parents were afraid of the girls’ independence, and showed signs that they wished for Victorian moralities for their daughters, for the parents were also afraid that the girls would capitalize on their budding sexuality. As these fears drove the parents to the drastic measures of virtually imprisoning the girls, and the girls’ suicide was probably a result of this decision, it can be said that the parents fears of letting the girls be independent and to experiment with boys were the key decisions that led to the girls’s suicides. Discussion One of the themes of the novel is the lack of independence of the girls, and the parents’ desperate attempt to subvert any sense of independence that the girls might have had. This is a theme that is found in the book and in life, for much has been written about how women should be weak, and docile, not strong and independent, and this apparently is what motivated the Lisbon parents. According to Simone De Beauvoir (1949) the appearance of femininity is one of docility, futility and weakness, and that â€Å"to please they must abdicate† (De Beauvoir, 1949, p. 353). This is shown by an examination of great novels, such as Little Women, The Last of the Mohicans and The Mill on the Floss. In each of these novels, the tomboyish, independent woman is pushed aside, romantically, by the protagonist boy. According to De Beauvoir, this is proof that passive, servile women are preferred to their independent sisters (De Beauvoir, 1949, p. 352). Alex de Tocqueville felt that women entered confining marriage, and that these women gave up their sense of independence â€Å"It may be said that she has learned by the use of her independence to surrender it without a struggle† (Faludi, 1991, p. 48). Another theme in the book is the tamping down of nascent sexuality. De Beauvoir contends that adolescent girls cope with the changes that are bestowed upon them by becoming the coquette, as they were i n childhood. They accomplish this by doing their makeup and hair, massaging her breasts to make them grow, and studying her smile in the mirror. This awakens an eroticism in the young girl and the young adolescent boy. However, for the adolescent boy, this awakening eroticism is a badge of honor – of â€Å"transcendence and power† (De Beauvoir, 1949, p. 349). For the adolescent girl, this awakening causes the girl to â€Å"retain a cast of shame† (De Beauvoir, 1949, p. 349). In other words, it is perfectly normal for a girl to want to become feminine and use her feminine wiles as she reaches puberty, and this was something that was denied by Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon, especially Mrs. Lisbon. At the same time, acting upon the newfound eroticism is a cause for censure. This is in line with the Lisbon’s parents’ beliefs about their daughters, for any hint of sexuality was extinguished before it could even come into fruition. The Lisbon parents made sure of this by not allowing the girls to go out with boys. There is every indication that the parents in The Virgin Suicides had these antiquated beliefs, that the girls should not have independence and should not realize their sexuality, despite the fact that the novel takes place during the early to mid 1970s. This was an era that was marked by change in the female situation – women were helping to forge anti-discrimination policies and policies regarding equal

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis Paper - Essay Example supported by Graff who also explains that students are trying to expound on various notions, opportunities and subjects that education has provided, to develop an analysis on the most liked and exciting subjects and opportunities in education. This clearly explains the fact that students are now pursuing education and creating some entertainment effect from various operations undertaken in the school and classroom environment. Graff states that, â€Å"The chance to try on a variety of clashing ideas, to see what they feel like, is one of the most exciting opportunities an education can provide; it can be especially rewarding for students who come to the university with already developed skills at summarizing and weighing arguments and synthesizing conflicting positions on their own.† This clearly explain how education has created an environment where students get to understand various chances available in the education sector, and implement on decisions of creating an environm ent that is favorable to try various subjects and opportunities, which becomes a primary source of entertainment among students from various universities (Greene and Lidinsky, 338). Liberal education and how education has been viewed by students in various institutions of learning has been discussed by various scholars. Graff’s argument on education has been analyzed, and research indicates that there are some cases where Graff supports the argument by Edmundson on the same basis of education. For instance, Graff supports the notion argued by Edmundson that students have diverse perceptions of education, including the idea that education can be termed as a form of

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Quantitative Methods and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Methods and Analysis - Essay Example 190). where, Z is the value of the normal distribution table at given confidence level ? is the standard deviation and E is the desired precision For AIU, Confidence level is 95%. Z (Confidence level=95%) = 1.96 ? = $700 E = $55 Thus, it implies that the institute needs to sample 623 individuals to meet the original requirements of the sample. The sample size that is determined has a significant impact on the budget of the research. An increase in the sample size will mean that the institute will have to spend more amount for carrying out the research. If the budget of AIU is not enough to cover the entire sample of 623, the institute can reduce the sample size or lower down its conditions in confidence level or desired precision. If we see the normal distribution table, we see that the z value deceases with decease in confidence level (Levin & Rubin, 2007). In order to reduce the sample size, one option that AIU is having is to reduce its confidence level. Confidence level is a repr esentation of the surety of the data received. Confidence level can be defined as the likelihood of the true population parameter lying within the range specified by the confidence interval (Stattrek, 2011). Decreasing the confidence level will lead to decrease of the z value, which will reduce the sample size. ... crease the distance from the mean that is permissible for the mean dollars spent by each card holder to $70 at the same confidence level, the sample size becomes: We can see that a slight increase (from 55 to 70) in the marginal error that is acceptable to the researchers lead to a decrease in the required size drastically (from 623 to 385). References Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education, 6th ill. ed. NY: Routledge. Levin, R.I., & Rubin, D.S. (2007). Statistics for Management, 7th ed. New Delhi: Dorling Kinderseley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Stattrek. (2011). Confidence Level. [Online]. Available at: http://stattrek.com/Help/Glossary.aspx?Target=Confidence%20level [Last accessed on 20th June 2011]. Wrenn, B., Stevens, R.E., & Loundon, D.L. (2006). Marketing research: text and cases, 2nd ill. ed. New York: The Haworth Press. Part 2 Surveys are very useful tool to collect information about a population. In a research using surveys a questionnaire is admin istered on a carefully identified sample of respondents (McQuarrie, 2006). Survey questionnaires are typically aimed at identifying particular respondent’s characteristics, attitudes or perception. Surveys find extensive application in areas such as market research, psychological studies, sociology and human resources. One example of a survey can be a survey in the area of market research, where respondents are asked to respond to their opinion about a particular product or service. Such surveys can be administered through questionnaires written on paper. Another type of survey can be the one used by the HR department of organizations to assess the employee satisfaction levels. These surveys can be administered as web-based surveys. Telephonic surveys can be administered to analyze the

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

What does it mean to be the best qualified Assignment

What does it mean to be the best qualified - Assignment Example Managers know that they would do their best to maintain their integrity once they are offered a chance for they know that they do not have many alternatives waiting for them in the market. Also, people who are not the toppers in their academic career are generally more active and brilliant on the practical side. â€Å"Testing for job skills is appropriate, although employers need to be wary of testing for attributes which do not relate to the requirements of the job.† (Rey and Mignin, 2008, p. 62). It is not fundamentally important for an individual to be pre-equipped with all the knowledge and expertise required for a particular job. What is more important for managers is to make sure that the individuals they hire, have enough spark and talent to fit into the organization as a responsible employee and develop the necessary skills in the least possible time. Such people are indeed, the best qualified for the

Monday, July 22, 2019

Criminal Profiling Questions Essay Example for Free

Criminal Profiling Questions Essay 1. Analyze inductive/deductive reasoning. Inductive criminal investigative assessments: The inductive approach to profiling is a based on the simple premise that If certain crimes committed by different people are similar, then the offenders must also share some type of personality traits. (Holmes Holmes, 2009) Inductive reasoning seems to be the more scientific of the two as it is strictly based on criminals that have committed the same or same type of crime. It is much quicker as it is strictly based upon statistics and easily conducted (with the proper databases) searches based on the types of crimes. When you combine the simplicity and the speed at which it can be done, it would seem it would be a foregone conclusion that this is the technique to use. However, inductive assessments are not completely reliable due to no connection to the current crime and strictly relegated to using similar facts and types of crimes to aid in creating a profile. Deductive criminal investigative assessments: From a thorough analysis of the crime scene and the evidence left at the crime scene, the profiler is able to construct a mental picture of the unknown offender. (Holmes Holmes, 2009). Deductive profiling is based upon the artistic ability of putting together the available information and picturing the events that occurred and the offenders that committed these events. Deductive profiling is more complex and takes longer to conduct a thorough enough investigation to begin putting the pieces together to form the entire puzzle. Deductive profiling is much more reliable as it is based on information pertinent to the specific crime committed and not simply based upon similar types of crime that are typically not in any way related to the current crime being investigated. The most popular form of profiling is a combined inductive/deductive profiling. Using inductive profiling, you would compile statistics about similar crimes and use the similarities between the multiple offenders and begin to form the outline of your profile. Using the crime scene information, you would then begin to evaluate from a perspective that is specific to your crime scene and not based on similarities in crimes. Upon completion of using your criminal database to build you outline, you would then apply the specific data derived from the crime scene and begin to apply the details of the offender to complete your profile. Holmes, R. and Holmes, S. (2009). Profiling Violent Crimes, an Investigative Tool (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 2. Goals of criminal profiling 1. Provide the Criminal Justice system with a social and psychological assessment of the offender. Goal 1 is to provide a detailed assessment of the offender which should include specifics (i.e. race, gender, employment, age range, etc.) that narrows the possibilities in which law enforcement can focus their efforts and reduce the scope of the investigation. 2. Provide the Criminal Justice systems with a Psychological evaluation of belongings found in the possession of the offender. Goal 2 is specific to the physical evidence and relevant information in a case and how it relates to the specific offenders psychological profile. This will help in the case by adding to the offenders profile and by helping derive locations, times, etc.. 3. Provide interviewing suggestions and strategies. Goal 3 is to help investigators get to the ground truth, through different methods, during the interrogation process. Different types of people respond to different stimulus, therefore different strategies must be emplaced based upon multiple categories your offender falls into.

Religious Artifact Analysis Essay Example for Free

Religious Artifact Analysis Essay The artifact that we intend to examine is the hit song â€Å"King Without a Crown† by the reggae music artist, Matisyahu. This music artist interests us because he is a popular performer who we have listened to voluntarily, with the particular song â€Å"King Without a Crown† ranking in the top 40 songs in America at one point in his career. Additionally, choosing a Matisyahu song is of interest to us as students at the University of Maryland because of Matisyahu’s live performance at UMD last year. Music is a particular form of rhetoric for artists to communicate ideas and inspire their listeners to adopt or understand belief systems. In the case of Matisyahu, the artist sings about his relationship to God and his religion, Judaism while making various references to religious and cultural aspects of his religion. As an Orthodox Jew, Matisyahu provides his audience with music specifically tied to religious belief. However, Matisyahu’s music may be universally enjoyed by people of any religion, as demonstrated by his various appearances on MTV during the time that his single, â€Å"King Without a Crown†, was popularly played on the radio and bought on iTunes. Matisyahu is known for being a Jewish figure in the music industry who is able to incorporate his religious passion to musical talent in a quite unique manner, through the production of reggae songs. Although music is a central part of the Jewish religion, especially in the practice of Orthodox Judaism, reggae music sung in English is an unconventional means of musical expression compared to other types of Jewish music, which include klezmer or traditional singing of psalms in Hebrew. At first glance, we noticed the symbols that Matisyahu uses in his song to represent different experiences in life. For example, Matisyahu incorporates a juxtaposition of darkness and light to demonstrate emotions and situations that are both positive (light) and negative (dark). Additionally, the artist uses much religious jargon, referring to God by the different names that Jewish people use to address a higher being. There is also an element of religion and/or God as a type of source that may protect and help people if they reach out and ask for such assistance, which is a fundamental Jewish belief. Matisyahu alludes to ideas of prayer, belief, and the Messiah, bringing important Jewish concepts to his song in an inspirational way of expressing his love for God. In studying this artifact, we will look at the lyrics of the song, â€Å"King Without a Crown† primarily to analyze the language that Matisyahu uses to communicate his  ideas. Additionally, we will draw upon the images used in this particular song’s music video to complement the lyrics that we study. In order to have a complete understanding of our text, we will research the biography of Matisyahu, including a focus on recent events, such as the scandal that occurred within the religious Jewish community when he shaved off his beard in the fall. Finally, to understand all of the Jewish references that Matisyahu makes in his song, we will research specific Jewish concepts, beliefs, and approaches to religious topics, such as the waiting for the Messiah to come from a Jewish lens. Studying a Matisyahu song is worthwhile because this particular artist is one of the most visible and popular Jewish representatives and role models in the secular world of music production. It is important to note that Jewish people do not exclusively enjoy Matisyahu music. Rather, his songs have been popular throughout America, especially among reggae fans. Especially as Jews are a minority religion in nearly all countries in the world, Matisyahu is a positive representation of Judaism and the Jewish people to the world, working to deconstruct religious stereotypes and serve as an example for devout people of all religions to embrace both their passions and their religious beliefs. Descriptive Analysis Purpose- Its about the power of trusting G-d in everyday life. also from a Jewish standpoint, it refers to the wait for a Messiah that will come; communicating his dedication to g-d. He is trying to convince his audience to follow that lifestyle Audience- His fans; mostly Jewish listeners now that he is not as famous anymore Controversial- Religious, some people do not share the same beliefs, minority religion, he is Orthodox and was affiliated with Chabbad at the time. He speaks about G-d and there are people who do not believe in G-d. Rhetor’s (Matisyahu) Purpose: â€Å"King Without a Crown† Following listening to Matisyahu’s â€Å"King Without a Crown† and reading its lyrics it seems as though he is referring to someone, use as a model representative of people in general that his targeted audience can relate to, who is lost spiritually and more specifically neglecting/ignoring the Torah. His identity with Chasidism is evident from even first glance at his  everyday attire consisting of a dark hat, matching long dark suit and coupled with the Chasidism orthodox braided hair hanging down from either temple and long beard. When analyzing Matisyahu’s lyrics and his passionate performance of â€Å"King Without a Crown,† it is feasible to argue his ultimate purpose from a rhetorical standpoint is to advocate a more Chasidic expression of faith and encouraging more attention and adherence toward prayer and the Torah. By calling his targeted audience (his fans) to reflect upon their daily lifestyle in contrast with the teachings of the Torah, he brings our attention toward our personal daily conduct and instills his audience members with feelings of personal accountability for each of our actions and the lives we choose to live. Ultimately the song, â€Å"King Without a Crown† is aimed at the nature of altering people’s perception of living a faith-bound righteous life in the eyes of G_d and calls for change in social action, more specifically, our everyday lifestyles and behaviors so that it emulates the Torah’s teachings. s exemplified by his lyrics such as: You’re all that I have and you’re all that I need Each and every day I pray to get to know your peace Wanna be close to you, yes I’m so hungry You’re like water for my soul when it gets thirsty If you’re drowning in the waters and you can’t stay afloat Ask Hasheem for mercy {and} he’ll throw you a rope Encouragement to trust and turn to G_d, not only when we desire something or are in need, but ydaily and it should be reflected by our actions. asking for G_d to help you do so. Apparently Matisyahu was a heavy drug user earlier in his life, and the video and song are obviously an autobiographical depiction of someone who overcame their demons. I have heard a lot of Christians say they like his music. I agree that his music is good†¦ but if someone is looking to Matisyahu as a prophet proclaiming God’s Word, I’m afraid he is very far from it. The title of the song is â€Å"King Without a Crown.† Such a title may sound familiar to Christians. Jesus is often described in such a way. However, this is not at all what Matisyahu is referring to in his song. He continues: If you’re drowning in the waters and you can’t stay afloat Ask Hasheem for mercy {and} he’ll throw you a rope (You’re) lookin’ for help from God; you say he couldn’t be found Searching up to the sky and looking beneath the ground Like a King without his Crown You keep fallin’ down You really want to live but can’t get rid of your frown You(‘re) try(in’) to reach unto the heights and wound bound down on the ground Matisyahu’s King without his Crown is not Christ, it is himself. The chorus of the song reveals more: What’s this feeling? My love will rip a hole in the ceiling (I give/Givin’} myself to you {now} from the essence of my being and I sing to my God, songs of love and healing †¦..I want Moshiach now so it’s time we start revealing Here he depicts the afflicting emotional torment of a spiritually lost and broken soul , and finally comes to recognition that he is powerless without G_d. He’s at the lowest breaking point in his life and surrenders his will to seeking out Moshiach for hope of healing. Matisyahu uses this experience to exemplify the saving strength and power of loving G_d, reinforcing once again, the significance of faith in our lives. Slavery is also a major theme of Matisyahu’s music, and is emphasized in the live version of â€Å"King Without a Crown.† Matisyahu sings of the slavery in which human beings sometimes bring upon themselves through materialism and hubris: â€Å"Youre a slave to yourself and you dont even know/You want to live the fast life but your brain moves slow/If youre trying to stay high then youre bound to stay low/You want G-d but you cant deflate your ego/If youre already there then theres nowhere to go/If youre cups already full then it’s bound to overflow.† â€Å"King Without a Crown† is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Its widespread popularity is illustrated by the fact â€Å"song has been the band’s biggest commercial success, breaking into the Modern Rock Top 10 and peaking at #7 (citation needed).† When critically analyzing the rhetor’s (Matisyahu’s) purpose and underling significance of his song â€Å"King Without a Crown,† from a theoretical/conceptual perspective; 3 primary inferences can be made. 1.) Observe/abide by the Torah 2.) G_d is all you need 3.) Only lust for salvation; avoid materialism Conclusion Statement: Consider the rhetor’s purpose: 1.) What is the nature – call to action, altering perception, maintain social action? 2.) What was the cost the audience was faced with in terms of the rhetor’s appeals? Reevaluate their faith and lifestyles from a critical standpoint and evaluate the impact faith has to the contribution of our beliefs and actions and recognize what changes must be made for us to fulfill a life in accordance with the teachings of the Torah and walk a path that will lead to heaven and fill the with void/ provide direction in our livees felt by each of us exemplified by â€Å"a King Without a Crown† or in other words without a spiritual beacon to guide/ inspire leadership. The cost at critically in-depth analysis of our life is the resulting uneasines/weariness/ relucantce/ dislike/ unfavorable/ flaws/causes uncomfotableness associated with identifying and accepting our flaws.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Explanation Of The Internal Point Of View

Explanation Of The Internal Point Of View Jurisprudential debate concerning the nature of law is often thought of as a long-running battle between two schools of thought the rival camps of natural law and legal positivism. The natural law tradition has always emphasised laws grounded ness in justice and the common good, while legal positivism had tended to emphasise laws basis in authority. Legal positivism emerged from the work of Jeremy Bentham and his disciple John Austin. The latter famously claimed that the idea of sanctions is the key to the science of jurisprudence.  [1]  Therefore he held that legal rules are to be threats backed by sanctions and statements of legal obligations, so as the threatened sanctions to be carried out. Another great legal positivist, Hans Kelsen, tried to explain legal rules and obligations in terms of norm, to be directives to courts requiring them to apply sanctions. In addition Alf Ross separating the difference between Austin and Kelsen, understood of legal rules as norms addressed to courts guiding the use of sanctions and statements of legal validity as predictions that these norms will be followed. However, one of the two greatest twentieth-century (the other one is Hans Kelsen) exponents of the legal positivism was, without question, Hart. In his principal book The Concept of Law  [2]  , Hart describes the central thesis of legal positivism as the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have often done so.  [3]  Therefore the central claim of legal positivism is that law is separate and distinct from morality. Also, Hart showed that sanction-centred accounts ignored an essential feature of law. This feature was termed the internal point of view. Harts internal point of view claims that the law is seen not just sanction-threatening, directing, or predicting, but imposing obligations. Therefore, what, precisely, is the internal point of view? And hence, what role does it play in Harts theory? In short, the internal point of view is the practical attitude of rule acceptance. It does not suggest that people accept their moral legitimacy, but only that they are willing to guide, and evaluate their conduct according to the rules. As for its importance to Hart theory, it plays four roles: (1) it specifies a particular type of motivation that someone may take towards to the law; (2) it constitutes one of the main existence conditions for social and legal rules; (3) it accounts for the intelligibility of legal practice and discourse; (4) it provides a naturalistically acceptable semantics for legal statements.  [4]  This concept perhaps is Harts greatest contribution to jurisprudential theory but it is often easily misunderstood. To begin with, Hart dictates that the element of authority involved in law has always been one of the obstacles in the path of an easy explanation of what law is.  [5]  He argues that the command theorists  [6]  explain force as the main component of law and have looked only on one side of the coin the external element of law. It compels people to act only out of fear. This may be the bad mans view of the law and Hart argues that it does not present a balanced picture. A positivist theory of law must offer an account of the nature of law-making authority. At the same time, positivists claim that the validity of a law does not entail an obligation to obey it. This means that the theory is quite independent of any theory about the basis of a moral obligation to obey the law. Bentham and Austin approached these problems by treating statements about sovereignty, rights and obligations as straight forward statements of observable social facts. Therefore in focusing only on the com mands and actions of a sovereign in imposing sanctions, the command theorists have ignored the internal aspect which characterises all law. This is element is the internal point of view which make people feel a sense of obligation to obey the law. In fact, as Hart explains there is a distinction between the two aspects of law, to be obliged thus to act in a certain way because of some threat or by force, such as when an armed man orders a person to hand over money, and to be under an obligation thus to feel in yourself a sense of duty to act in a certain way without some external factors such as threat or sanctions. Therefore, for Hart the command theories try to explain the law only in terms of the first notion, therefor they are inadequate, because the law has both an external and an internal fashion to induce compliance. According to Stephen Perry, for example, the general idea of the internal point of view is that an adequate jurisprudential account must at some point take into consideration how the practice looks to at least some of the practices participants, from the inside.  [7]  Similarly, Gerry Postema writes: The law, like other similar social practices, is constituted not only by intricate patterns of behavioural interactions, but also by the beliefs, activities, judgments and understandings of participants. The practice has an inside, the internal point of view of participants.  [8]   In regard to the above, Harts doctrine demands that legal theories to become across with the shared experiences of legal natives. Jurisprudence must take the insiders point of view, and have a conflict with those theories that ignore the attitudes and beliefs of the people that are under the law. Therefore the internal point of view came to question sanction-centred theories of law, such as those suggested by Hans Kelsen and Oliver Holmes. Hart claimed that these theories are lacking insight because they ignore or conceal the range of attitudes that people have in the direction of the law. The problem in Kelsens theory, is that the law directs officials to punish those who dont comply with the rules instead of providing guidance for those who want to live according and under their obligations. Also the difficulties with bad man theories such as Holmes is that they assume that people are driven to follow the law merely in order to avoid sanctions, rather than because that rules requir e so. In addition, Holmes who is an insider himself, his curiosity about the law is explained only by his aversion to sanctions. He benefits one type of insiders point of view over another. So as Hart says, theorists by focusing only on the perspective of the bad man, sanction-centred theories define, only the other point of view, particularly, the internal point of view out of existence. Thus for Hart the the internal point of view is actually the practical attitude of rule-acceptance. It happens when people accept or endorse a convergent pattern of behaviour as a standard of conduct towards a social rule. Therefore when the phrase the internal point of view has one meaning, it refers to a specific practical attitude. Moreover practical point of view has two attitudes that an insider can follow towards the rules: acceptance and non-acceptance. According to Hart, if someone accepts the rules have taken the internal point of view. In reverse, if someone does not accept the rules, either because they accept the bad man point of view, or because they are just observing, they dont take a practical attitude at all, it is just the external point of view. However, what does he mean to accept a social rule? Hart claims that to accept a social rule is to regard a pattern of behaviour as a general standard to be followed by the group as a whole.  [9]  It is to treat existence of the rule as a reason and justification for action, as the basis for claims, admissions, demands, punishment or criticisms, as establishing the legitimacy of these demands and criticisms.  [10]  Hart clears out that the moral legitimacy of the law does not needed in order to accept its authority. Hence the standard of conduct meant by Hart is certainly not the moral legitimacy of law. Therefore as he said is that when one takes the internal point of view towards a rule, acts according to the commands of the rule.  [11]  But since this can be comfort by the bad mans theories Hart added, The second way in which the internal point of view is expressed is through critical evaluation.  [12]  So as people who accept the rules criticize others even themse lves for not conforming to the rules. In the end, the internal point of view is often expressed by words such as must, ought, wrong, and right. As Scott J. Shapiro in his Journal said if someone accepts the rule that men must bear their heads upon entering a church, this practical attitude might be expressed by statements of the form: You ought to take off your hat in Church or It was wrong of me not to take off my hat last Sunday.  [13]  These statements are internal statements as described by Hart.  [14]  Therefore, Hart compares these practical statements with theoretical statements that others accept a particular rule. For example, someone might say, Episcopalians accept a rule requiring men to take off their hats in Church.  [15]  For Hart, these are the external statements since they express the external point of view.  [16]   To sum up, as Scott J. Shapiro said in his Journal Harts internal point of view must be understood as a commitment to act in all of the above ways. That is, one takes the internal point of view towards a rule when one intends to conform to the rule, criticizes others for failing to conform, does not to criticize others for criticizing and expresses ones criticism using evaluative language.  [17]  Basically, Hart concept of the internal aspect distinguishes between social rules and social habits. A crucial difference from a social habit and a social rule is that habit lack criticism from others in a group when the convergent behaviour is deviated from. However, as it is seen, the internal aspect and therefore rules is an important ingredient for Hart conception of law. At first impression Hart conception of law, is a symbiotic relationship between primary and secondary rules, and more importantly the internal point of view seems valid. A primary rule imposes duties and prescribes how one must act by way of recognizing a general standard mode of behaviour. The secondary rules consist of the three important characteristics, which can be characterized as sub rules, which give the concept of rules as law and obligations, but more importantly, law as a system of rules. First is the rule of recognition, which helps to determine whether a rule is indeed a rule, this is determined by the influx of criticism for deviation of the rule and the existence of social pressures to conform. The second, denoted as the rule of change, which allows for the creation of new primary rules or the change and modifications of old rules for the group to live by, these rules are also subject to procedural standards. The final characteristic is the rule of adjudication that de termines whether or not a primary rule has been violated and prescribes the procedure the courts must follow to apply sanctions. There is also a strong connection with the rule of adjudication and the rule of recognition because, if the courts are empowered to make authoritative determinations of the fact that a rule has been broken, these cannot avoid being taken as authoritative determination of what the rules are.  [18]   Indeed the mosaic of the internal aspect, the primary and secondary rule as law is very attractive for Hart because he is able to explain where Austin has failed. Primary rules are laws, because they are general and span over the territory in which the sovereign has authority, and secondary rules are a means to enforce and amend the laws. The power conferred to the individual is not a duty, but merely powered conferred to identify rules and the breach of obligation, this is justified by inextricably linking the rules of recognition and the rule of adjudication. The existence of secondary rules, giving amendment ability and the creation of new rules, has an exacted resemblance of a legal system. However Hart analysis is open to scrutiny. One element that can be objected to is his assumption on why individuals obey law. For Hart, people obey rules hence law, because of the internal aspect. Individuals obey, not habitually or because of some sense of reason, but because other are doing so. The internal aspect also makes an assumption that a society where the internal aspect is at large is one that is duly homogenous. The individuals in this society all think in a similar fashion, they share the same morals, ethics and perspective and because of this they know rather instinctually know. Hart idea of the internal aspect is an explanation of why people obey and follow laws, but the implications of this theory is that the individuals under sovereign rule are completely oblivious and unthinking to law and the creation of laws is largely reactionary, where there are no presupposed principles of the social group in question. Hart points out that that there is no necessary conceptual connection between law and morality. He supports that there can be legal rights or duties that have no moral justification or force. On the other hand Dworkin which occupies a theoretical position somewhere between natural law and legal positivism maintains that there must be moral grounds fo r the assertions of the existence of legal rights and duties. That is, legal rights are a species of moral rights. Hart points out that his theory enables the identification of the law based on a relatively straight forward application of a rule of recognition. Dworkins theory on the other hand, requires a complex moral calculation and interpretation to identify even the simplest rule as a rule of law. The notion that the internal aspect is the main and only reason for peoples compliance and obedient nature to law is insulting to the populations intelligence and the diversity of peoples, morals, ethics and thought. To conclude by the combination of primary and secondary rules Hart believes that he has found a significant weapon for the analysis of much that puzzled both the jurist and the political theorists, namely, the heart of a legal system. He believes that this approach is greater than his predecessors to explain the nature of law. He rejects the sanction-centred theories because they are based only on the motivation that people will obey only through fear. Also Hart allows us to see legal phenomena, not in terms of isolated precepts with not meaningful link to social reality but as a unified system upon the concept of rule of recognition.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Nuclear Brinkmanship :: essays research papers

â€Å"The world would be a better place if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mutual Assured Destruction. Nuclear holocaust. The destruction of whole nations in the blink of an eye. We cannot hide from the threat that nuclear weapons pose to humanity and all life. These are not ordinary weapons, but instruments of mass annihilation that could destroy civilization and end all life on Earth. Nuclear weapons are morally and legally unjustifiable. They destroy indiscriminately - soldiers and civilians; men, women and children; the aged and the newly born; the healthy and the infirm. The world would be a far safer and better place if the Pandora’s Box of nuclear weapons had never been opened. Many historians argue that the United States began the Cold War by ending World War II with the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Four years later, on August 9, 1949, the Soviet Union developed its own nuclear weapons. At the time, both sides lacked the means to effectively use the nuclear devices against each other. However, with the development of aircraft like the B-36 Peacemaker, both sides were gaining more ability to deliver nuclear weapons effectively. The official nuclear policy of the United States was one of "massive retaliation", as coined by President Eisenhower, which called for massive nuclear attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe. It was only with the advent of ballistic missile submarines, starting with the George Washington class submarine in 1959, that a survivable nuclear force became possible and that a second strike capability became credible. It was generally assumed that any combat in Europe would end wit h apocalyptic conclusions. An idea that has not sunk into the politicians and generals of the nuclear powers skulls is the fact that nuclear weapons are expensive. In 1983, a missile submarine cost more than the education budgets of twenty-three 3rd world countries. A comparison for nuclear weapons would be akin to that of computers: It becomes obsolete very quickly, and the state of the art technology used is astronomically maintenance expensive. Building nuclear weapons is like dumping your money in a hole: It is not going to be coming back. The world would be a far safer place had nuclear weapons not been developed. The possibilities of a small terrorist cell building a nuclear bomb and detonating it in a city are probable within the next twenty years.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Duchess of Malfi Essay examples -- Duchess of Malfi Webster Papers

The principal characters and their roles We follow after bubbles, blown in th'air. Pleasure of life, what is't? Only the good hours of an ague The Jacobean age was one of questioning and uncertainty about many issues, such as religion, politics and law. At the same time it was rediscovering the potency of Classical texts of Rome and Greece, and reinterpreting tragic form to suit its own ends. The Duchess of Malfi is a revenge tragedy, but Webster has used the form for much more than just its entertainment value; he has used it as a vehicle for the exploration of some themes relevant to the society of his time. Webster based his plot on a true story set in Italy, and kept the Italian setting because like Shakespeare and other playwrights of his day, he had to use politically-acceptable foreign settings in which to explore ideas such as those presented in The Duchess of Malfi, (which were really commentaries on the England of their own era), to do with inequality, injustice, and corruption, without causing outrage in response to his work. Antonio and The Duchess The fact that Antonio can never have an equal relationship with the Duchess has prompted some readers to feel that his importance as a character in the play is limited, while others suggest that his main role is as a mouthpiece for Webster's own judgements and opinions. To assess the importance of his role we need to consider it relation to the Duchess, and in the context of the play as a whole. Inequalities of power associated with gender and social status are highlighted in the relationship between The Duchess and Antonio, and the reactions of others towards their relationship. In Antonio's self-deprecating dying speech, Antonio: We follow afte... ... been pointed out that The Duchess of Malfi is a flawed play. For example Ferdinand reveals to Bosola a possible motive for wanting his sister to be murdered: Ferdinand: To have gain'd an infinite mass of treasure by her death. [Act 5, Scene ii] But this sounds unconvincing, as Malfi is little more than a poor fishing village. Moments such as these in the play have led it to be criticised for its plot, and it has other flaws. For example is it plausible that the Duchess could marry Antonio and have children in secret? Webster tends to neglect the importance of The Duchess' sons, and in Act 5 we see Delio apparently with a false heir. But in spite of these flaws The Duchess of Malfi has lasted and remained popular, not just for its potent entertainment value and Webster's masterful use of language, but also for the insights it gives us into Jacobean society.

The Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life by Audrey Thomas :: Audrey Thomas Intertidal Life

The Significance of the Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Audrey Thomas' novel Intertidal Life, is an account of a woman's struggle for Emmersonian self-reliance and identity. The main character, Alice Hoyle, is forced by her husband to undertake a perilous, painful, and chaotic journey into her subconscious, in order to find her "self". This struggle to obtain a new "self" identity and self-reliance is symbolized throughout the novel by the Jungian archetype of the Mandala; a circular image with a center that represents the: "wholeness of personality, [and] the center of the whole... It is the archetype of inner order; and it is always used in that sense, either to make arrangements of the many, many aspects of the universe-a world scheme-or to arrange the complicated aspects of our psyche into a scheme " (Psych,86). Therefore, in Intertidal Life, the Mandala is an archetype arising "when there is a great disorder and chaos in a [woman's] mind... It appears to bring order, showing the possibility of order and centeredn ess" (Psych,86) Alice Hoyle first experiences chaos and despair when Peter admits to Alice that he no longer loves Alice, and he wants to seek out and find himself. She interprets that the move to the island was simply a tact to get Alice easily out of Peter's life. As Alice says,"It's so strange. I've felt so close to you these last few months. I saw the new room, the move over here as something wonderful, a new beginning to our marriage. I guess what I saw as a sunrise, you saw as a sunset" (20). Moreover, as Alice realizes that her husband, Peter is having an affair with Anne-Marie, and her worldly values and ambitions are tossed upside down, she encounters her first Mandala type dream: one night, Alice had a dream of apples. She was holding Flora in her arms and people were pelting at them both with fruit... She was calling and calling for help (24).    In this dream, Alice is the focus of the center of attention, surrounded by people pelting her with apples. A schematic image is presented which is in the form of a Mandala. Out of this dream, she comes to the realization for the first time, that "the other woman" in Peter's life is Anne-Marie (24). Thus, this Mandala represents, that she is unwanted by Peter, must find away to protect herself from her emotions, and she must seek help, in redefining her life. The Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life by Audrey Thomas :: Audrey Thomas Intertidal Life The Significance of the Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Audrey Thomas' novel Intertidal Life, is an account of a woman's struggle for Emmersonian self-reliance and identity. The main character, Alice Hoyle, is forced by her husband to undertake a perilous, painful, and chaotic journey into her subconscious, in order to find her "self". This struggle to obtain a new "self" identity and self-reliance is symbolized throughout the novel by the Jungian archetype of the Mandala; a circular image with a center that represents the: "wholeness of personality, [and] the center of the whole... It is the archetype of inner order; and it is always used in that sense, either to make arrangements of the many, many aspects of the universe-a world scheme-or to arrange the complicated aspects of our psyche into a scheme " (Psych,86). Therefore, in Intertidal Life, the Mandala is an archetype arising "when there is a great disorder and chaos in a [woman's] mind... It appears to bring order, showing the possibility of order and centeredn ess" (Psych,86) Alice Hoyle first experiences chaos and despair when Peter admits to Alice that he no longer loves Alice, and he wants to seek out and find himself. She interprets that the move to the island was simply a tact to get Alice easily out of Peter's life. As Alice says,"It's so strange. I've felt so close to you these last few months. I saw the new room, the move over here as something wonderful, a new beginning to our marriage. I guess what I saw as a sunrise, you saw as a sunset" (20). Moreover, as Alice realizes that her husband, Peter is having an affair with Anne-Marie, and her worldly values and ambitions are tossed upside down, she encounters her first Mandala type dream: one night, Alice had a dream of apples. She was holding Flora in her arms and people were pelting at them both with fruit... She was calling and calling for help (24).    In this dream, Alice is the focus of the center of attention, surrounded by people pelting her with apples. A schematic image is presented which is in the form of a Mandala. Out of this dream, she comes to the realization for the first time, that "the other woman" in Peter's life is Anne-Marie (24). Thus, this Mandala represents, that she is unwanted by Peter, must find away to protect herself from her emotions, and she must seek help, in redefining her life.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

From the Farm, Inc Marketing Plan Essay

The purpose of this paper is to determine how to drive more sales to From the Farm’s website as well as increase overall brand awareness through the use of targeted marketing and advertising programs and also to gain a deeper insight of prospective customers which can assist in forming target market segments and creating targeted marketing and advertising programs that cater to those segments. Furthermore, we need to determine how to remain cost-effective with these proposed improvements to the marketing programs. Being a small e-commerce startup with limited funds and personnel, FTF has struggled for over four years to create effective marketing programs and have seen very little positive impact of their past marketing efforts. The lack of an effective marketing strategy which includes targeted advertising has led to increased and somewhat unnecessary marketing costs because several of the marketing campaigns are built on the premise of â€Å"testing it out† and seeing what kind of response it gets. The implementation of targeted marketing and advertising programs can not only increase From the Farm’s sales revenue, but also be more cost-effective since the campaigns are targeted and relevant to their audience. In addition, an improved digital marketing strategy can help FromTheFarm. com improve their overall market positioning due to the fact that they will gain a better understanding of their customers through the data that is collected and thus enable them to build a more effect online marketing strategy. Furthermore, this enhanced insight of their customers can also enable them to improve their product development and product offerings on their website. All of these things combined can definitely contribute to growing their sales revenue and more importantly, by having targeted marketing and advertising programs, they can ensure that every dollar spent is not a dollar wasted. Company Background From The Farm, Inc. (FTF) is a privately-owned e-commerce company headquartered in Stockton, California which specializes in the sales and home delivery of gourmet and organic foods and produce. FTF was founded in 2008 with the purpose and intent of becoming â€Å"America’s Online Farmer’s Market†. According to a report done by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), farmers only earned an average of $0. 16 for every dollar spent on the food they produced (Canning, 2011). FTF’s mission is to provide an online marketplace which connects customers with American Family farms by offering farm-fresh products and other specialty food items delivered straight to their door. By allowing customer to purchase directly from the farmer though the website, they cut out the middle man, and therefore give customers the opportunity to taste and experience what truly fresh food and produce tastes like while also supporting the success and livelihood of hard-working farmers all over the county. FromTheFarm. com is currently funded by its parent company, Onions, Etc. , one of the largest onion distributors in the United States. Currently, FTF only has two full-time employees – the Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)/General Manager and a Marketing Specialist – in addition to the Founder/CEO, one marketing intern, and one contract-based Marketing/PR Consultant. Any other tasks with regards to finance and accounting are handled by Onions, Etc. personnel and all IT related tasks are outsourced to an outside IT firm and web design firm. FTF has undergone major organizational changes in the past twelve months, in an effort to restructure the marketing team with the intention of implementing an improved marketing strategy in order to grow sales and increase brand awareness. Due to limited funds and personnel, FTF has struggled to create an effective targeted marketing and advertising strategy and as a result have not seen much growth since being founded in 2008. 1. 0 Market Summary and Target Audience Being that From the Farm is a small, family-owned company they do not have the financial strength that other larger food retailers have; however they still have a tremendous opportunity to capture the market being that the food e-commerce market has yet to be penetrated. According to a recent report by eMarketer, as of 2012, U. S. -commerce sales have grown to $224. 2 billion and are expected to grow to $361. 9 billion by 2016. Currently, online food and beverage sales is the smallest U. S. e-commerce category, however, this segment reached sales of $5. 09 billion and experienced a 17% growth in 2012 (eMarketer, 2012). Another report by Nielsen indicates that the sales rate for consumer packaged goods online is expected to reach $25 billion by 2014. This t rending growth can be attributed to the fact that more and more consumers are beginning to do their grocery shopping online (Nielsen, 2011). FTF can definitely capitalize on this emerging trend since the online grocery shopping experience is primarily fueled by a needs-driven experience since there are a greater variety of options available online. In addition, e-commerce allows for smaller companies such as FTF to compete against â€Å"Big Brand† companies since the big brand physical advantages become nonexistent and opens up the opportunity to create a niche brand for customers who prefer to buy their food and groceries online. With a creative and effectively targeted market program, FTF can reach a significant amount of customers online and leverage unique and exclusive products such as tropical fruits, figs, Piedmontese beef, and fresh cherries to capture these customers. There is a huge opportunity to capitalize on the available internet marketing technologies being that there is so much data available through these marketing channels and the fact that many consumers are turning to e-commerce to purchase goods. According to a recent Digital Marketing Report by eMarketer, â€Å"88. % of US internet users ages 14 and up will browse or research products online in 2012, an 83. 9% of that group will make at least one purchase via the web during that year† (Peart, Utreras, & Wang, 2011). Target Market Since From the Farm is a food e-commerce company, it is easy to assume that this website and its products can appeal to the masses. There is a large assortment of foods from fresh fruit and produce includi ng exotic tropical fruits to certified organic meats to an array of desserts which means that FTF has something to offer every kind of customer. FTF’s customers will consist of individuals who are 25 years old and up and have a wide range of preferences when it comes to food, whether it may be parents looking for healthy foods for their kids or health conscious individuals who prefer organic and gluten-free products or chefs and restaurant owners that need to order in bulk, From the Farm can accommodate a very diverse set of needs. Nonetheless, From the Farm’s products aren’t just for those who want to purchase these items for personal consumption because From the Farm also offers products that can be sent as gifts. As stated previously, From the Farm’s customer base is diverse since it consists of individuals with varying needs and preferences when it comes to food selections. The primary market that FTF will target is the online grocery shopper market. The profile of typical online shoppers is as follows: single or dual-income households with no children and are technically savvy, affluent, and time poor. This group consists of early adopters of new technology and is heavy internet users who regularly purchase goods online. Convenience is a main factor for this group and they have little to no concern about product price or delivery charges. The other major category within this market is families with young children. Similar to the previously discussed category, this category includes single parents, dual-income households, middle-income and above average-earning households. The key differentiator is that this category has one or more children, typically with at least one child under the age of five years old. This group consists of adults in their late 20s to 40s. The individuals in this category turn to online grocery shopping because it saves them time, is less hectic, and overall more convenient in nature. Other categories include college students and military families who are not located close to a standard-size store or who wish to purchase products found only in their home regions. In addition, the elderly, disabled and those individuals who find it difficult to get out of the house make up a significant share of online grocery shoppers. As such, the share of senior citizens and disabled individuals has grown over the past five years and is expected to continue growing in the future. Furthermore, online grocery shoppers are more than twice as likely as the average internet user to go online to read and post product reviews, download coupons and search for recipes, according to a study by the Nielsen Company from September 2009 (Panteva, 2012).

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

African Actions Essay

During the late 1800s, Africa was put under gigantic pressure by the atomic number 63an powers as they scrambled to scoop up over Afri apprize territory. They were shoved into a corner and had limited plectrons of acquiring out. One thing they refused to do was assign in to the elites that were trying to overcome them.Africa as a whole reacted in tierce ways diplomatically- as in one by one declining the Europeans offer and not giving up their region, violently- by fighting with what little firearms they had against the extremely advanced guns their opponents had, and in desperation- seeing no other option and no unwrap way to get out so reacting in ways that were unexpected get even wo manpower fighting and believing in a saving spirit that could protect them. These maneuver worked for some African democracys better than others, scarcely in most cases the nation was notwithstanding interpreted over in the end.At the beginning of Europeans scramble for Africa, the chief s of the contrastive African nations felt that they could solve this whole item diplomatically. Europe attempt to just take over the African government easy and painlessly, scarce the African nations refused to just allow them take over. The British government seek to administer a standardized family to all areas around the Niger River and for the princely Niger Company. This sorting would ensure that Europe would expect escort of the lower Niger River.The form give tongue to that the Royal Niger Company bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or usance of the country (1). They say that they depart delay out of all African affairs but they really did not. Because of this, an Ashanti leader responded by saying I am gay to announce that we devote arrived at the consequence that my kingdom of Ashanti willing never send itself to any such(prenominal) policy (2). The Ashanti nation wants to stay friendly with the British, but they tiret want t o be stopled by them.The Ethiopian nation responded very withal and state, Since the All-Powerful has protected Ethiopia up until now, I am hopeful that he will deem and enlarge it also in the future, and I do not conceptualise for a moment that He will divide Ethiopia amount the distant Powers (3). Ethiopia felt they didnt need any particular(a) protection from Europe when they were already in full protected by their God. Both of these nations politely declined, yet that wouldnt necessarily fail these distant powers from invading.Another common land response to the European invasion was violence. When they African nations refused to let Europe invade easily, Europe took control and just invaded. Obviously, the Africans felt this unacceptable. For example, in southbound Africa, Africans were existence treated like slaves and were beget by the Europeans. They rebelled and fought with all the machinery they had but were wholly demolished. A veteran of this rebellion stat ed We made many charges but all(prenominal) time we were defeated. But for the White mens machine guns, it would have been different (4).The Africans felt that if the British wouldnt have had the advantage of their heavier shooter, that they wouldve had a chance in winning. Even in an area underweight the Congo River the Africans felt it unfair they didnt have the same weaponry. One African chief said, You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not umpire (9). In both incidents, they were really acrimonious after their losses and knew they couldve won if the compete case was even.In Ethiopia, they leveled the playing field by getting equal artillery with the Europeans. In the picture presented in enter 5, it shows violent resistance and an epic action over the land. Once both sides had equal equipment, the Africans actually won the battle and pushed Europe out of their lands. All these peopl e refused to go subdue without a fight because their land was all they had. The cobblers last most common reaction was desperation. Africans were desperate and didnt experience they had many options but they had to do everything they could to keep life as they knew it was.One option they turned to was having the women fight. When some of the chiefs of the Ashanti were scared to fight, the Ashanti ottoman stated If you the men of Ashanti will not go forward, then we will. We the women will (6). They would do anything to keep their nation from being taken over, even if the men wouldnt do it the women would. This shows true desperation because at that read in time women could rarely put down in anything governmental, especially fighting in war, but they were willing to do anything. The Africans tried to encourage all other African nations to fight back as well.They knew that at that place was a high probability that they would die, which was why most nations werent fighting back, but one leader of the Herero people said to another African leader that they should let us die fighting sooner than die as a will of maltreatment, imprisonment, or some other calamity. make out all the chiefs down there to uprise and do battle (7). They figured if they were termination to die either way, they should go down honorably and fight for whats right. It was their last resort, but they knew it was what they needed to do.They even got to such a point that they started to believe in anything that could help them win. A German armed services officer recorded that in eastside Africa, The chiefs spread it amount their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic care for to a treat manThe medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that foe bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops (8). The chiefs used any(prenominal) they could to get their people to believe that they could win this battle against the Europeans, for they were desperate and needed something to prompt their people into victory.The Africans were surprised at the major(ip) invasion that was unexpected, but they reacted in whatever way they could to keep their land from being taken over. Another inventory that could be helpful in understanding this situation more would be a document from the Europeans to the Africans trying to talk to them originally closely the invasion and take over. It would help to acknowledge how the Europeans originally tried to peacefully talk to the Africans.