Shadow Kiss Chapter 8

Eight FOR THE NEXT FEW DAYS, I followed Christian around without incident. And as I did, I found myself growing more and more impatient. For one thing, I was discovering that a lot of being a guardian was waiting around. I'd always known that, but the reality was harder than I'd realized. Guardians were absolutely essential for when Strigoi decided to attack. But those Strigoi attacks? They were generally rare. Time could pass – years could pass – without a guardian ever having to engage in any sort of conflict. While my instructors certainly wouldn't make us wait that long during this exercise, they nonetheless wanted to teach us patience and how important it was not to slack just because there'd been no danger in a while. We were also being held to the strictest conditions a guardian could be in: always standing and always being formal. More often than not, guardians who lived with Moroi families behaved casually in their homes and did ordinary things like reading or watching TV – while still staying perfectly aware of any threats. We couldn't always expect that, though, so we had to practice the hard way while in school. My patience level didn't do so well with all this waiting, but my frustration was more than just restlessness. I was desperate to prove myself, to make amends for not having reacted when Stan attacked. I'd had no further Mason sightings and had decided that what I'd seen really had been fatigue- and stress-induced. That made me happy, because those were much better reasons than being crazy or inept. But certain things were not making me happy. When Christian and I met up with Lissa after class one day, I could feel worry and fear and anger radiating off of her. It was only the bond that clued me in, though. To all outside appearances, she looked fine. Eddie and Christian, who were talking about something with each other, didn't notice a thing. I moved close and put an arm around her as we walked. â€Å"It's okay. Everything's going to be okay.† I knew what was bothering her. Victor. We'd decided that Christian – despite his willingness to â€Å"take care of things† – probably wasn't the best choice to go see about us getting into Victor's trial. So Lissa had played diplomat the other day and very politely spoken to Alberta about the possibility of us testifying. Alberta had told her, equally politely, that it was out of the question. â€Å"I figured if we just explained things – why it was so important – they'd let us go,† she murmured to me. â€Å"Rose, I can't sleep. †¦ I just keep thinking about it. What if he gets loose? What if they really set him free?† Her voice trembled, and there was an old vulnerability there that I hadn't seen in a long time. That sort of thing usually set off my warning bells, but this time, it triggered a weird rush of memories, of times past when Lissa had depended on me so much. I was happy to see how strong she'd become and wanted to make sure she stayed that way. I tightened my arm, hard to do while still walking. â€Å"He won't get loose,† I said fiercely. â€Å"We'll get to court. I'll make sure of it. You know I'd never let anything happen to you.† She leaned her head against my shoulder, a small smile on her face. â€Å"That's what I love about you. You have no idea how you'll get us to court, but you still push forward anyway to make me feel better.† â€Å"Is it working?† â€Å"Yes.† The worry still lurked in her, but her amusement dampened its effects a little. Plus, despite her teasing me about my bold promise, my words really had reassured her. Unfortunately, we soon found out that Lissa had other reasons to be frustrated. She was waiting for the medication to fade from her system and allow her full access to her magic. It was there – we could both sense it – but she was having trouble touching it. Three days had passed, and nothing had changed for her. I felt for her, but my biggest concern was her mental state – which thus far had stayed clear. â€Å"I don't know what's going on,† she complained. We had almost reached the commons. Lissa and Christian had plans to watch a movie. I half-wondered how difficult it would be for me to watch the movie and be on alert. â€Å"It seems like I should be able to do something, but I still can't. I'm stuck.† â€Å"That might not be a bad thing,† I pointed out, moving away from Lissa so I could scan the path ahead. She shot me a rueful look. â€Å"You're such a worrier. I thought that was my job.† â€Å"Hey, it's my job to look out for you.† â€Å"Actually, it's my job,† said Eddie, in a rare show of joking. â€Å"Neither of you should be worrying,† she argued. â€Å"Not about this.† Christian slipped his arm around her waist. â€Å"You're more impatient than Rose here. All you need to do is – â€Å" It was d? ¦j? ¤ vu. Stan leapt out from a copse of trees and reached for Lissa, wrapping his arm around her torso and jerking her toward him. My body responded instantly, no hesitation whatsoever as I moved to â€Å"save† her. The only problem was that Eddie had responded instantly too, and he was closer, which put him there ahead of me. I circled, trying to get in on the action, but the way the two were squaring off blocked me from being effective. Eddie came at Stan from the side, fierce and swift, pulling Stan's arm away from Lissa with a strength nearly powerful enough to rip it out of the socket. Eddie's wiry frame often hid how muscular he really was. Stan's hand caught the side of Eddie's face, nails digging in, but it was enough so that Lissa could wriggle free and run to join Christian behind me. With her out of the way, I moved off to the side, hoping to assist Eddie – but there was no need. Without missing a beat, he grabbed Stan and threw him down to the ground. Half a breath later, Eddie's practice stake was poised right above Stan's heart. Stan laughed, genuinely pleased. â€Å"Nice job, Castile.† Eddie withdrew the stake and helped his instructor up. With the action gone, I could now see how bruised and blotched Stan's face was. Attacks for us novices might be few and far between, but our guardians were picking fights daily during this exercise. All of them were taking a lot of abuse, but they handled it with grace and good humor. â€Å"Thank you, sir,† said Eddie. He looked pleased but not conceited. â€Å"I'd be faster and stronger if I were Strigoi, of course, but I swear, you could have rivaled one with your speed there.† Stan glanced at Lissa. â€Å"You okay?† â€Å"Fine,† she said, face aglow. I could sense that she'd actually enjoyed the excitement. Her adrenaline was running high. Stan's smiling face disappeared as he turned his attention on me. â€Å"And you – what were you doing?† I stared, aghast at his harsh tone. It was what he'd said last time too. â€Å"What do you mean?† I exclaimed. â€Å"I didn't freeze or anything this time! I was ready to back him up, looking for a chance to join in.† â€Å"Yes,† he agreed. â€Å"That's exactly the problem. You were so eager to get a punch in that you forgot that you had two Moroi behind you. They might as well have not existed as far as you were concerned. You're out in the open, and you had your back to them.† I strode forward and glared at him, unconcerned about propriety. â€Å"That is not fair. If we were in the real world and a Strigoi attacked, you cannot tell me that another guardian wouldn't jump in and do everything they could to take that Strigoi down as quickly possible.† â€Å"You're probably right,† Stan said. â€Å"But you weren't thinking about eliminating the threat efficiently. You weren't thinking about your exposed Moroi. You were thinking about how quickly you could do something exciting and redeem yourself.† â€Å"Wh-what? Aren't you making a few leaps there? You're grading me on what you think was my motivation. How can you be sure what I'm thinking?† I didn't even know half the time. â€Å"Instinct,† he replied mysteriously. He took out a small pad of paper and made some notes on it. I narrowed my eyes, wishing I could see through the notepad and discern what he was writing about me. When he finished, he slipped the pad back in his coat and nodded at all of us. â€Å"See you later.† We watched him walk across the snowy grounds toward the gym where dhampirs trained. My mouth was hanging open, and I couldn't even get any words out at first. When did it end with these people? I was getting burned again and again on stupid technicalities that had nothing to do with how I'd actually perform in the real world. â€Å"That was not even fair. How can he judge me on what he thinks I was thinking?† Eddie shrugged as we continued our journey toward the dorm. â€Å"He can think whatever he wants. He's our instructor.† â€Å"Yeah, but he's going to give me another bad mark! Field experience is pointless if it can't really show how we'd do against Strigoi. I can't believe this. I'm good – I'm really good. How on earth can I be failing this?† Nobody had an actual answer for that, but Lissa noted uncomfortably, â€Å"Well†¦ whether he was fair or unfair, he had one thing right: You were great, Eddie.† I glanced over at Eddie and felt bad that I was letting my own drama take away from his success. I was pissed off – really pissed off – but Stan's wrongness was my problem to deal with. Eddie had performed brilliantly, and everyone praised him so much on the walk back that I could see a blush creeping over his cheeks. Or maybe that was just the cold. Regardless, I was happy for him. We settled into the lounge, pleased to find no one else had claimed it – and that it was warm and toasty. Each of the dorms had a few of these lounges, and all were stocked with movies and games and lots of comfy chairs and couches. They were only available for student use at certain times. On weekends, they were pretty much open the whole time, but on weekdays, they had limited hours – presumably to encourage us to do our homework. Eddie and I assessed the room and made a plan, then took up our positions. Standing against the wall, I eyed the couch Lissa and Christian were sprawled out upon with considerable envy. I'd thought the movie would distract me from being on alert, but actually, it was my own churning feelings that kept my mind spinning. I couldn't believe Stan had said what he'd said. He'd even admitted that in the heat of battle, any guardian would be trying to get into the fight. His argument about me having ulterior, glory-seeking motives was absurd. I wondered if I was in serious danger of failing this field experience. Surely, so long as I passed, they wouldn't take me from Lissa after graduation? Alberta and Dimitri had spoken like this was all just an experiment to give Lissa and me new training, but suddenly, an anxious, paranoid part of me began to wonder. Eddie was doing a great job of protecting her. Maybe they wanted to see how well she could work with other guardians. Maybe they were worried that I was only good at protecting her and not other Moroi – I'd let Mason die, after all, right? Maybe the real test here was to see if I needed to be replaced. After all, wh o was I, really? An expendable novice. She was the Dragomir princess. She would always have protection – and it didn't have to be me. The bond was pointless if I ultimately proved incompetent. Adrian's entrance put my frantic paranoia on hold. He slipped into the darkened room, winking as he flounced into an armchair near me. I had figured it was only a matter of time before he would surface. I think we were his only entertainment on campus. Or maybe not, judging from the strong smell of alcohol around him. â€Å"Are you sober?† I asked him when the movie ended. â€Å"Sober enough. What have you guys been up to?† Adrian hadn't visited my dreams since the one in the garden. He'd also laid off on some of his outrageous flirting. Most of his appearances with us were to work with Lissa or to ease his boredom. We recapped our encounter with Stan for him, playing up Eddie's bravery and not mentioning my dressing-down. â€Å"Nice work,† said Adrian. â€Å"Looks like you got a battle scar too.† He pointed to the side of Eddie's face where three red marks glared back at us. I remembered Stan's nails hitting Eddie during the struggle to free Lissa. Eddie lightly touched his cheek. â€Å"I can barely feel it.† Lissa leaned forward and studied him. â€Å"You got that protecting me.† â€Å"I got that trying to pass my field experience,† he teased. â€Å"Don't worry about it.† And that's when it happened. I saw it seize her, that compassion and undeniable urge to help others that so often filled her. She couldn't stand to see pain, couldn't stand to sit by if she could do something. I felt the power build up in her, a glorious and swirling feeling that made my toes tingle. I was experiencing how it affected her. It was fire and bliss. Intoxicating. She reached out and touched Eddie's face†¦. And the marks vanished. She dropped her hand, and the euphoria of spirit faded from both of us. â€Å"Son of a bitch,† breathed Adrian. â€Å"You weren't kidding about that.† He peered at Eddie's cheek. â€Å"Not a goddamned trace of it.† Lissa had stood up and now sank back to the couch. She leaned her head back against it and closed her eyes. â€Å"I did it. I can still do it.† â€Å"Of course you can,† said Adrian dismissively. â€Å"Now you have to show me how to do it.† She opened her eyes. â€Å"It's not that easy.† â€Å"Oh, I see,† he said in an exaggerated tone. â€Å"You grill me like crazy about how to see auras and walk in dreams, but now you won't reveal your trade secrets.† â€Å"It's not a ‘won't,'† she argued. â€Å"It's a ‘can't.'† â€Å"Well, cousin, try.† Then suddenly he raked his nails across his hand and drew blood. â€Å"Jesus Christ!† I yelped. â€Å"Are you insane?† Who was I kidding? Of course he was. Lissa reached out and held his hand, and just like before, she healed the skin. Elation filled her, but my mood suddenly dropped without any real cause. The two of them launched into a discussion I couldn't follow, using standard magical terms as well as some terms I was pretty sure they'd invented on the spot. Judging from Christian's face, it looked like he didn't understand either, and it soon became clear that Adrian and Lissa had forgotten us in their zeal over the mystery of spirit. Christian finally stood up, looking bored. â€Å"Come on, Rose. If I wanted to listen to this, I'd be back in class. I'm hungry.† Lissa glanced up. â€Å"Dinner's not for another hour and a half.† â€Å"Feeder,† he said. â€Å"I haven't had mine today.† He planted a kiss on Lissa's cheek and then left. I followed alongside him. It had started snowing again, and I glared at the flakes accusingly as they drifted down around us. When it had first started snowing in early December, I'd been excited. Now this white stuff was getting pretty damned old. As it had a few nights ago, though, being out in such harsh weather defused my mood a little, the cold air kind of snapping me out of it. With each step closer to the feeders, I felt myself calming down. A â€Å"feeder† was what we called humans who volunteered to be regular sources of blood for Moroi. Unlike Strigoi, who killed the victims they drank from, Moroi took only small quantities each day and didn't have to kill the donor. These humans lived for the high they got from vampire bites and seemed perfectly happy to spend their lives that way and separate from normal human society. It was weird but necessary for Moroi. The school usually had a feeder or two in the Moroi dorms for overnight hours, but for most of the day, students had to go to the commons to get their daily fix. As I continued walking, taking in the sights of white trees, white fences, and white boulders, something else white in the landscape caught my attention. Well, it wasn't white exactly. There was color – pale, washed-out color. I came to an abrupt halt and felt my eyes go wide. Mason stood on the other side of the quad, nearly blending in with a tree and a post. No, I thought. I'd convinced myself that this was over, but there he was, looking at me with that sorrowful, phantom face. He pointed, off toward the back of campus. I glanced that way but again had no clue what to look for. Turning back to him, I could only stare, fear twisting within me. An icy-cold hand touched the side of my neck, and I spun around. It was Christian. â€Å"What's up?† he asked. I looked back to where I'd seen Mason. He was gone, of course. I squeezed my eyes shut a moment and sighed. Then, turning back to Christian, I kept walking and said, â€Å"Nothing.† Christian usually always had some witty stream of comments whenever we were together, but he was silent as we made the rest of our journey. I was consumed with my own thoughts and worries about Mason, so I had little to say either. This sighting had only lasted a few seconds. Considering how hard it was to see out there, it seemed more than likely that he'd been a trick of the eye, right? I tried to convince myself of this for the rest of the walk. When we entered the commons and escaped the cold, it finally hit me that something was amiss with Christian. â€Å"What's wrong?† I asked, trying not to think about Mason. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Fine,† he said. â€Å"The way you just said that proves you aren't fine.† He ignored me as we went to the feeders' room. It was busier than I'd expected, and all of the little cubicles that feeders sat in were filled with Moroi. Brandon Lazar was one of them. As he fed, I caught a glimpse of a faded green bruise on his cheek and recalled that I never had found out who had beaten him up. Christian checked in with the Moroi at the door and then stood in the waiting area until he was called. I racked my brain, trying to figure out what could have caused Christian's bad mood. â€Å"What's the matter? Didn't you like the movie?† No answer. â€Å"Grossed out by Adrian's self-mutilation?† Giving Christian a hard time was a guilty pleasure. I could do this all night. No answer. â€Å"Are you – Oh.† It hit me then. I was surprised I hadn't thought of this before. â€Å"Are you upset that Lissa wanted to talk magic with Adrian?† He shrugged, which told me all I needed to know. â€Å"Come on, she doesn't like magic more than she likes you. It's just this thing with her, you know? She spent all these years thinking she couldn't do real magic, and then found out she could – except it was this wacky, completely unpredictable kind. She's just trying to understand it.† â€Å"I know,† he said tightly, staring across the expansive room without actually focusing on any of the people. â€Å"That's not the problem.† â€Å"Then why †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I let my words fade as another revelation hit me. â€Å"You're jealous of Adrian.† Christian fixed his ice-blue eyes on me, and I could tell I'd hit the mark. â€Å"I'm not jealous. I'm just – â€Å" † – feeling insecure over the fact that your girlfriend is spending a lot of time with a rich and reasonably cute guy whom she might like. Or, as we like to call it, jealous.† He turned away from me, clearly annoyed. â€Å"The honeymoon might be over between us, Rose. Damn it. Why are these people taking so long?† â€Å"Look,† I said, shifting my stance. My feet hurt after so much standing. â€Å"Didn't you listen to my romantic speech the other day about being in Lissa's heart? She's crazy about you. You're the only one she wants, and believe me, I can say that with 100 percent certainty. If there was anyone else, I'd know.† The hint of a smile crossed his lips. â€Å"You're her best friend. You could be covering for her.† I scoffed. â€Å"Not if she were with Adrian. I assure you, she has no interest in him, thank God – at least not romantically.† â€Å"He can be persuasive, though. He knows how to work his compulsion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"He's not using it on her, though. I don't even know if he can – I think they cancel each other out. Besides, haven't you been paying attention? I'm the unfortunate object of Adrian's attention.† â€Å"Really?† asked Christian, clearly surprised. Guys were so oblivious to this sort of stuff. â€Å"I know he flirts – â€Å" â€Å"And shows up in my dreams uninvited. Seeing as I can't get away, it gives him the perfect chance to torture me with his so-called charm and attempt to be romantic.† He turned suspicious. â€Å"He shows up in Lissa's dreams too.† Shoot. Shouldn't have mentioned the dreams. What had Adrian said? â€Å"Those are instructional. I don't think you need to worry.† â€Å"People wouldn't stare if she showed up at some party with Adrian.† â€Å"Ah,† I said. â€Å"So this is what it's really about. You think you're going to drag her down?† â€Å"I'm not that good †¦ at those kinds of social things,† he admitted in a rare show of vulnerability. â€Å"And I think Adrian's got a better reputation than me.† â€Å"Are you joking?† â€Å"Come on, Rose. Drinking and smoking aren't even in the same league as people thinking you're going to turn Strigoi. I saw the way everyone acted when she took me to dinners and stuff at the ski lodge. I'm a liability. She's the only representative from her family. She's going to spend the rest of her life tied up with politics, trying to get in good with people. Adrian could do a lot more for her than I could.† I resisted the urge to literally shake some sense into him. â€Å"I can see where you're coming from, but there's one flaw in your airtight logic. There's nothing going on with her and Adrian.† He looked away and didn't say anything else. I suspected his feelings went beyond her simply being with another guy. As he'd even admitted, he had a whole tangle of insecurity about Lissa. Being with her had done wonders for his attitude and sociability, but at the end of the day, he still had trouble dealing with coming from a â€Å"tainted† family. He still worried he wasn't good enough for her. â€Å"Rose is right,† an unwelcome voice said behind us. Preparing my best glare, I turned around to face Jesse. Naturally, Ralf lurked nearby. Jesse's assigned novice, Dean, stood watch at the doorway. They apparently had a more formal bodyguard relationship. Jesse and Ralf hadn't been in line when we arrived, but they'd apparently wandered up and heard enough to piece together some of our conversation. â€Å"You're still royal. You have every right to be with her.† â€Å"Wow, talk about a turnaround,† I said. â€Å"Weren't you guys just telling me the other day how Christian was about to turn Strigoi at any moment? I'd watch your necks, if I were you. He looks dangerous.† Jesse shrugged. â€Å"Hey, you said he was clean, and if anyone knows Strigoi, it's you. Besides, we're actually starting to think that rebellious Ozera nature is a good thing.† I eyed him suspiciously, assuming there must be some trick here. Yet he looked sincere, like he really was convinced Christian was safe. â€Å"Thanks,† said Christian, a slight sneer curling his lips. â€Å"Now that you've endorsed me and my family, I can finally get on with my life. It's the only thing that's been holding me back.† â€Å"I'm serious,† said Jesse. â€Å"The Ozeras have been kind of quiet lately, but they used to be one of the strongest families out there. They could be again – especially you. You're not afraid to do things that you aren't supposed to. We like that. If you'd get over your antisocial bullshit, you could make the right friends and go far. Might make you stop worrying so much about Lissa.† Christian and I exchanged glances. â€Å"What are you getting at?† he asked. Jesse smiled and cast a covert glance around us. â€Å"Some of us have been getting together. We've formed a group – sort of a way for those of us from the better families to unite, you know? Things are kind of crazy, what with those Strigoi attacks last month and people not knowing what to do. There's also talk about making us fight and finding new ways to hand out the guardians.† He said it with a sneer, and I bristled at hearing guardians described like objects. â€Å"Too many non-royals are trying to take charge.† â€Å"Why is that a problem if their ideas are good?† I demanded. â€Å"Their ideas aren't good. They don't know their place. Some of us have started thinking of ways to protect ourselves from that and look out for each other. I think you'd like what we've learned to do. After all, we're the ones who need to keep making decisions, not dhampirs and nobody Moroi. We're the elite. The best. Join us, and there are things we could do to help you with Lissa.† I couldn't help it. I laughed. Christian simply looked disgusted. â€Å"I take back what I said earlier,† he told them. â€Å"This is what I've been waiting for my whole life. An invitation to join your tree house club.† Ralf, big and lumbering, took a step forward. â€Å"Don't screw with us. This is serious.† Christian sighed. â€Å"Then don't screw with me. If you really think I want to hang out with you guys and try to make things even better for Moroi who are already spoiled and selfish, then you're even stupider than I thought you were. And that was pretty stupid.† Anger and embarrassment filled both Jesse and Ralf's faces, but mercifully, Christian's name was called just then. He seemed considerably cheered as we walked across the room. Nothing like a confrontation with two assholes to make you feel better about your love life. Christian's assigned feeder tonight was a woman named Alice, who was the oldest feeder on campus. Most Moroi preferred young donors, but Christian, being the twisted person he was, liked her because she was kind of senile. She wasn't that old – sixties – but too many vampire endorphins over her life had permanently affected her. â€Å"Rose,† she said, turning her dazed blue eyes on me. â€Å"You aren't usually with Christian. Have you and Vasilisa had a fight?† â€Å"Nope,† I said. â€Å"Just getting a change of scenery.† â€Å"Scenery,† she murmured, glancing at a nearby window. Moroi kept windows tinted to block out light, and I doubted a human could see anything. â€Å"The scenery is always changing. Have you noticed that?† â€Å"Not our scenery,† said Christian, sitting beside her. â€Å"That snow's not going anywhere. Not for a few months.† She sighed and gave him an exasperated look. â€Å"I wasn't talking about the scenery.† Christian gave me an amused smile, then leaned over and sank his teeth into her neck. Her expression grew slack, all talk of scenery or whatever she'd meant forgotten as he drank from her. I lived around vampires so much that I didn't even think about their fangs half the time. Most Moroi were actually pretty good at hiding them. It was only in moments like these that I remembered the power a vampire had. Usually, when I watched a vampire feed, I was reminded of when Lissa and I had run away from the Academy, and I'd let her feed off of me. I'd never reached the crazy addiction levels of a feeder, but I had enjoyed the brief high. I used to want it in a way I could never admit to anybody. In our world, only humans gave blood. Dhampirs who did it were cheap and humiliated. Now, when I watched a vampire drink, I no longer thought about how good the high felt. Instead, I flashed back to that room in Spokane where Isaiah, our Strigoi captor, had fed off of Eddie. The feelings that stirred up in me were anything but good. Eddie had suffered horribly, and I hadn't been able to do anything except sit there and watch. Grimacing, I turned away from Christian and Alice. When we left the feeders' room, Christian looked more vibrant and upbeat. â€Å"The weekend's here, Rose. No classes – and you get your day off.† â€Å"No,† I said, having almost forgotten. Damn it. Why did he have to remind me? I was almost starting to feel better after the Stan incident. I sighed. â€Å"I have community service.†

Chief Seattle Oration Analysis

Seattle Chiefs Ovation The arrival of the European colonists in New England in the 17th century pushed the Native Americans to the west and eventually sparking their demise. Intensive logging impacted their environment, epidemic diseases from Europe claimed lives of thousands of Native Americans, and the Euro-Americans simply took over regions and the land of the native community. The Native Americans were outraged by their inferiority and on the colonist’s treatment of the environment.The Chief Seattle’s 1854 Oration is a speech in response to a proposed treaty in which the Indians were persuaded to give up thousands of acres to the US government for a sum of 150,000 dollars. The Chief Seattle’s Oration is considered to be the most profound environmental statements in history. The Chief Seattle was the leader of the Dkhw’Duw’Absh, and a prominent figure in the Indian-American relationship of the time. At this time, numerous Native American’s were being scattered out of their tribes by the American’s and it was believed that they would be extinct.In the speech, The Chief Seattle attempts to convince the American conquerors that they should treat them fairly despite their inferiority to the American people. Through figurative language and his respect for nature, the Chief appeals to the Governor of their decision to take over Washington making of their time. Prior to the colonisation of North America by the Europeans, the Native Americans lived peacefully and they saw their environmental as communal. Their low-impact technologies saw them live in harmony and respecting the environment.Their religion revolved around the belief that animals, plants, rocks, mountains, rivers, and stars had souls. Upon arrival, the European colonists immediately began take natural resources for European trading and usage. Large forests were cut down for firewood, trading, and agriculture; animals were killed for skin, the girdling of the trees prevented the leaves from growing and eventually killing it. For every person added to the population, one or two hectors of land was cultivated.This trend continued on until the beginning of the 20th century, and to this day, 1/3 of America’s forests have been cut down causing devastating environmental disruptions. The land which was once peaceful and quiet, home to the Native Americans who respected and loved it had changed horribly. Throughout America’s history, the capitalist Americans viewed the natural resources as a possibility for economic growth. The formation of a free market meant that government legislation and fiscal policies were inadequate to prevent environmental demolitions.From the Colonisation up to the 20th century, the United States government failed to apply sustainable growth. This reflects on how our world economy is working. Governments fail to advocate environmental issues in order to boost the economy. The Chief Seattle underlines t he value of the environment. He chief treats nature as a living thing. â€Å"Yonder sky that has wept tears of compassion upon my people for centuries untold, and which to us appears changeless and eternal, may change. Today is fair. Tomorrow it may be overcast with clouds. This use of personification in this line relates to how the rain is coming from the sky, but with the incursion of the Americans, nature’s natural course is twisted, thus a cloud will overcast the compassionate tears of the sky. The Chief is sympathetic towards his people; he states that â€Å"my people are few. They resemble the scattering tress of a storm-swept plain. † The Chief underlines the value of the trees, and whilst most of the mass logging occurred during America’s colonisation, the biodiversity was badly affected during this time period.This relates to how the Native American race is slowly coming to an end and it resembles the logging of the trees cut down by the Americanâ€⠄¢s. Hence, the Chief emphasises that his men are part of nature therefore they are dying with it. Furthermore, the chief argues that the Euro-Americans never appreciated nature. â€Å"Our dead never forget this beautiful world that gave them being. They still love its verdant valley’s, its murmuring rivers, and its magnificent mountains. † The Chief highlights that his race valued nature, and the love of nature goes on after their deaths.The tone of the speech suddenly becomes more aggressive in the 9th paragraph. He argues that â€Å"your time of decay may be distant, but it will surely come, for even the White Man whose God walked and talked with him as a friend to friend, cannot be exempt from the common destiny. † The chief states that there will come a time, when their civilisation will come to an end and God will be unable to help them. This can be related to the damage we are doing now with climate change.Global warming is now considered a threat to our world, with growing average temperatures; the climate is changing and can cause devastating natural disasters. Global Warming has been scientifically proven to be all caused by human’s destroying the world’s biodiversity and harming the earth’s atmosphere. Logging contributes to global warming, by deregulating the oxygen in the atmosphere. Therefore at this time, the logging of trees destroyed the biodiversity, and the Chief contended that whilst the Euro-Americans cut down trees, it will backfire on them and destroy their civilisation.In the last paragraph, the Chief quotes that â€Å"these shores will swarm with the invisible dead of my tribe, and when your children’s children think themselves alone in the field, the store, the shop, the highway, or in the silence of the pathless woods, they will not be alone. In all the earth there is no place dedicated to solitude. † The Chief describes that the legacy of his tribe will live on. This describes how the Natives have so much respect for their land, and they will value it forever, and live on with for eternity.Moreover, The Euro-Americans and the Native American had contrasting views on the environments. The Natives had a belief that the environment is sacred and should be preserved, whereas the Euro-Americans preferred to economically benefit from nature. During this era, the industrialisation of America was booming, and the timber industry was at its peak. Nothing was known of the consequences for destroying the environment, however the Native Americans had their tradition to respect the environment and preserve it forever however this belief was uncommon to the European settlers.

Air legislation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Air legislation - Assignment Example Moreover, the information indicates whether it is right to operate the aircraft within the recommended safety conditions. The other purpose of the information is whether the aircraft meets the recommended operating rules. The chief-inspections officer in the aviation industry is entitled to certify the technical log. All the data in the technical log is recorded in two pages of a form. The front part of the paper is the original one while the other part is made a carbon copy onto the black sheet. In most cases, the front pert of the technical log comprises of there identical sections. These sections, which are â€Å"tear-off†, are used to record the maintenance performed on the particular aircraft. An authorized official employed by an aircraft industry makes the recordings of all the maintenance performed. Moreover, the official is entitled to record the release-to-service. The top page or sheet of the technical log is usually removed. The sheet is forwarded to the administration where it is kept in the aircraft logbooks. The other part, which is the carbon copy imprinted on the original paper is kept of the technical log folder. This part helps in informing the flight crew about the aircraft maintenance status relating to the aircraft. The operators of the aircraft are normally the ones who create the maintenance schedule. The main purpose of the maintenance schedule is that it allows pilots to understand the condition of the aircraft prior to flight. The review board of the organization is that one entitled to make approval on the maintenance schedule. Moreover, it is recommended that a member of the aviation administration to be present while making the approval of maintenance schedule. Various types of maintenance checks are employed on the maintenance schedule. In most cases, the maintenance schedule comprises of four checks. The first

The Portfolio of Current Issues in Risk Management Assignment

The Portfolio of Current Issues in Risk Management - Assignment Example Warren Buffett is a respected billionaire investor in the United States and major shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway, a multinational conglomerate financials and investment company. According to Buffett, â€Å"it takes 20 years to build a positive reputation and only five minutes to destroy it† (Rushe 2011, p.1). The article describes a black eye incident that has potentially damaged the credibility and reputation of Berkshire Hathaway amid a resignation scandal occurring on the back of questionable securities sales by an insider manager. The article insinuates that conversations between Buffett and David Sokol, an executive leader, provided insider trading knowledge to Sokol, leading to public and governmental scrutiny and investigation. Adding more enquiry to this situation is the fact that Sokol suddenly resigned from his position, which could indicate there is something to hide in the securities transactions in question. Personal Commentary Why is this relevant for risk man agement and ensuring reputational risk management for the organisation? For some organisations, the brand and its reputation in key target markets is one of the most fundamental competitive advantages sustained by the organisation. Especially true in saturated markets where public and private investments are traded in highly-publicised media, businesses require a differentiated brand name that is considered credible and adheres to the principles defined by corporate social responsibility. It is only when consumers become attached and loyal to a brand that they will begin expelling personal and social resources to supporting and defending the brand against negative criticism (Aron, Aron and Smollan 1992; Muniz and O’Guinn 2001). The situation involving Berkshire Hathaway reminds the risk management professional to carefully monitor and control the activities of internal staff members. Since this is an organisation that has much scrutiny by a variety of stakeholders and importa nt shareholders, the organisation cannot afford for representatives of the business to damage brand reputation. According to the lectures, the brand reputation of a business should be considered just as paramount as traditional risk management activities. Farris et al. (2010) reminds us that the use of a customer satisfaction metric is a vital tool in monitoring business reputation and securing brand reputation. This article seems to reinforce the importance of showing transparency and accountability as part of corporate social responsibility especially when the internal activities and investment selections of a major holdings company can be observed by a global mass market audience. Under Kantian deontology, the highest good comes from duty. For example, a merchant attempts to build a good reputation simply to ensure profitability. However, this is not a moral good since it does not stem from social duty toward others (Bowie 1999). When assessing risks or establishing a risk evalua tion tool, it is necessary to consider how the stakeholder and customer will view business actions. They will either attribute actions to moral and ethical behaviour or witness trust reduced in the corporate integrity of the business. Corporate social responsibility must be a major factor in setting up a risk management model to keep a positive reputation and avoid public scrutiny. Student’s Name: Review No.: 1 Source of article: Is your culture a risk factor? Business and Society Review 111(3) Author’

Global Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Global Health - Essay Example Crichton’s sentiments are echoed in the works of Santer and his Co-authors while the human activities play a role in the changing global meteorological structure, it is not entirely to blame for the weather patterns. Writing for the IPCC in their 1996 paper, Santer and his Co-authors said that the temperature change being experienced in the atmosphere is ‘partially due to human activity’. In the movie, Day After Tomorrow, the climatologist, Jack Hall, predicts a reoccurrence of the ice age. In the prediction, the time of the ice age is estimated to occur in the next 100-1000 years. However, this can only accelerated if the human activities that pollute the environment are not put on hold. This implies the conviction in Jack Hall of the significant contribution of human activities to global warming and global meteorological change. With approximately 90% of human time spent indoors, the importance of quality outdoor air has been underestimated. Such negligence is due to the ignorance of the amount of pollutants one is exposed to whenever they get into polluted outdoors. Nitrogen dioxide and ground level ozone are some of the pollutants that are freely available in the heavily polluted outdoors. The fact that many people tend to prefer performing their activities indoor is understandable given the ease in controlling the quality of indoor air. The factors such as home cleanliness, plant and pest presence, and home chemicals are within the control of the homeowners. However, performing activities such as exercising indoors does not help one with avoiding these pollutants. The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) primary standards are essential in establishing an ambient air quality. The Clean Air Act is one of the regulations applied by the EPA to ensure clean outdoor air. These standards are important in determining the pollution levels that are considered acceptable for the outdoor air. Despite the availability of these standards and its best

Network Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Network Security - Essay Example 2007). It is the twentieth century where improved communication technologies are inventing one after another. Internet has become a powerful and interactive delivery service providing extensive activities and web services. Organisations expand their resources with the help of Internet. Websites are created, for informational purposes, advertisement, online shopping etc. In the modernized countries, Internet is utilized for business: Education purposes Online shopping (Comet, EBay, etc) Blogs (Bloggers, Word Press, etc) Social-Networking (Facebook, Myspace, etc) Information (Advertising) Even today, where every technology interrelated to Information technology involves the ‘.com’ phenomenon; Internet is relatively an evolving field, which is constantly changing. Extensive use of computing technology has aid different scale organisations to achieve targets. Information technology evolution has introduced innovations for business processes and communication. Moreover, infor mation technology has rendered a new approach for conducting business on new channels, and is proceeding further to add numerous benefits and modernization due to its global reach around the globe. However, the expandable adoptability has provided new loopholes for threats and vulnerabilities. Organizations are more apprehensive about the security of the network rather that adding functionality. Moreover, massive funds are allocated for network security along with advanced security hardware devices including Hardware Security Modules (HSM), which are deployed to secure mission critical data. However, frequent updates are required, for firmware and hardware, to keep them updated for potential threats that may disrupt data or perform any security breach. From time to time, the hackers and cyber criminals develop new threats. Even the updated security hardware is not sufficient for securing the network , because there is always a probability of a new threat, which may bypass the securi ty mechanism anytime. Moreover, hackers and cyber criminals also conduct research on security products in order to develop a threat, which may intrude and sidestep the security of these products. The main objectives of a cyber criminal includes, bank account hacking, credit card hacking to achieve money. The uprising of Information Technology has created new trends of doing business and communication. Furthermore, technology has provided a new approach of operating businesses during the past several years, and continues to provide numerous benefits as it spreads all over the world. However, with its extensive adoption, threats and vulnerabilities are also growing. Organisations spent vast funds to secure their confidential data and network environment. In addition, hardware security modules are taken into consideration for securing mission-critical data. However, these modules need frequent updates for virus definitions and new threats, which may disturb the network. Every now and t hen, new threats are designed and developed by hackers and cyber criminals. In spite of securing the networks and data centers, with the most updated and advanced security modules, there is still a probability of a new threat to break into the network. In addition, hackers and cyber criminals are exploring efficient codes day by day to advance the hacking tools, in order to breach in to classified information, banks and

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business ethics - Essay Example Key Issues in the Case Evaluating on Rational Grounds The issue highlighted in the case ignites several other issues, all which are significant to consider in the business environment. Richard Smart, who is currently serving as the CEO of the company has taken the company to a new height. Because of his contributions in company’s growth and success, he is admired by the board of directors and stakeholders of the company. However, the basis on which he was appointed on the seat of CEO was nullified, when the truth was unleashed about false information of his degree from the Harvard University. This explains that he was actually not the deserving applicant, but was selected by misguiding the company about his true qualifications. Another factor that can be assumed on this basis that there might be other lies he had told to the board members to get the position. Therefore, the entire image of Richard Smart is now in serious doubts. The standing dilemma is that the company is doin g good business in his supervision and expelling him would affect the market position of the company. However, the decision on this issue is not limited to the direct success or collapse of the company alone, and there are other factors too that are crucial in ensuring smooth work flow in the company. Among these factors, the concern and issues from stakeholders are of significance importance. Issues that can arise from employees, customers and stockholders have to be evaluated in the decision process. The truth, that the CEO has shown false education document, cannot be kept hidden for long, and would raise doubts in stack holders about the management system of the company when they will learn about this truth (Weiss, 2009). Presenting false documents in the business world is considered an ethical crime and there are definite set of rules for such criminals. When investors will come to know that they have been dealing with a fraud CEO or ‘criminal’ to be precise, their relations and motivation in investing in the company would certainly be lower down (Weiss, 2009). This can directly affect the productivity and market standing of the company, which is against the interest of every individual associated with the company. Moreover, when this issue will come in the knowledge of company’s employees, their trust and respect level for company’s leadership would certainly be decreased. On the other side, replacing the current CEO with a new one will also result in the same thing, as a black spot on company’s supervision and management will remain in the minds of employees (Weiss, 2009). Another critical element is the pressure exerted by the government or general stock holders. Stock holders would certainly pressurize the board of directors to bury the issue from media and customers. Once the image of the company is damaged in front of their customers, it is very hard to regain that reputation (Weiss, 2009). However, if any of the co mpetitor companies got to know that Super Software has built false reputation in the market with a fraud CEO, it can bring reveal this in a press conference. This might lead the company in paying heavy penalties to the government and losing customer loyalty as well. The worst scenario would be when the government is involved in the matter as this could bring the toughest time for the company in defending the reason for hiding the truth. The only way to avoid this happening is to think of a

International Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Nutrition - Essay Example There are a number of factors that lead to either a high or low entry of international companies in a country. First, a heavy tax system that is highly regulated is one of these factors. While many people hold the belief that strict tax laws require a review to allow for foreign investors, others argue that they are adequate to cater for the needs of the citizens of the state as well as protect the local companies. The reality is, however, not true. Because of strict laws in many countries, many companies find it difficult to start up business in these countries. However, the market is open to allow competition to take place. Trading in a free and fair market, International Nutrition Company enjoys the laws of competition. Its products perform well in such regions due to their high quality. Although priced higher than some of the local commodities, the market still highly regards quality feeds from International Nutrition. The reduction in the level of market regulations and internat ional tariffs by countries is a result of globalization. This has also contributed to the decrease in the level of market control. As countries increase the level of doing business with one another, the result is open markets free to compete with one another. For healthy competition to take place, many governments allow their markets to operate freely, offering companies freedom of entry into and exit from the country. This allows both local and international investors to battle out in the market arena with the products or services being the top of their priorities. In most countries in the African continent, regulation takes place at one level, i.e., the national government. Africa provides a number of fast growing markets for any company to invest in, and especially agricultural companies such as International Nutrition. In Africa, emerging markets such as Sub-Saharan Africa offer a great opportunity for the company to exploit. Countries such as Zimbabwe, Congo, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya act as an investment destiny in Sub-Saharan Africa. In West Africa, countries such as Ghana and Nigeria are an example of the markets where the company has business and records increased growth. Nigeria relies mostly on its oil, while Ghana highly relies on agriculture. Increasingly though, the Nigerian government has encouraged

Bushfire risk in Maryborough in Victoria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bushfire risk in Maryborough in Victoria - Essay Example Regardless of the positive influence of the fires on the country’s flora and fauna, the extent of the loss of lives and destruction of property in the country is unwarranted thus compelling the country to country to invest millions of dollars with the view of safeguarding the population. Among the most adversely affected states in the country is state of Victoria, which has had a long history of bushfire disasters. The most recent of such disasters in the state was the Black Saturday bushfires, which resulted in more than one hundred and seventy deaths (O’Brien, 2002). To prevent such unwarranted loss of human lives and property, the Victorian state government has instituted several agencies such as the Department of environment and primary industries and the county fire authority both of which work in collaboration to mitigate on such disasters in the future. To do this, the organizations carry out effective risk assessment thus inform their population appropriately wi th the view of preventing the loss of lives and property in case of such fires. Additionally, the authorities strive to curb the fires in case they break out before the result in extensive loss of the country’s flora. ... Risk assessment and planning involves the utilization of varying amount of resources depending on the nature and size of the underlying potential of the risk. Such develops the concept of acceptable risk, which refers to the risk that the community can only accommodate. The cost of implementing an effective countermeasure to such risks is always too great for the community to bear. Furthermore, vulnerability of the countermeasure always exceeds the expected loss, such compel the community to understand and tolerate the prevailing risks (Lerche & Glaesser, 2006). An effective assessment of the risk that the fires present to the local population in the state of Victoria has helped reduce the deaths and magnitude of property damage in the event of such fires. However, the assessment compels the analysis of such factors as the climatic condition and the nature of the vegetative cover in the state. With such, the state authorities can therefore manage the settlement of the people and cont rol the activities of the local communities with the view of reducing the activities that pose threats such as smoking and garbage burning among other uncontrolled fire during the dry months. Sensitization and preparedness helps minimize the destruction of the fires since the local population stay aware of the nature of the prevalence of the fires. Additionally, the state authorities are also therefore capable of carrying out specific measures that help minimize the risk. Risk assessment matrix and methodology The fires vary in size thus pose varying risks to the local community. The varying magnitudes of the risks thus validate the use of a risk matrix, which

It's about IAS 17 and details see in document file Essay

IAS 17 Proposed Changes in the 2013 Exposure Draft - Essay Example The lessees are advised against recognizing assets as well as liabilities that result from operating leases. That concept has over time attracted the attracted significant request from users of financial statements as well as others to enhance changes that will ensure that lessees are upheld to recognize liabilities as well as assets in the financial statements. The IASB, as well as FASB, engaged in a joint project that focused on developing the relevant measures to ensure that lease assets will be recognized in the statement of financial position. The two bodies deliberated on revisiting the 2009 Exposure Draft that was issued in 2009 to seek preliminary views and FASB accounting Standards update issued in August 2010 to enhance forming an Exposure Draft in 2013 (Ellis, 2014). The proposed Exposure Draft of 2013 will only affect entities that engage or are engaged in lease irrespective of some specified scope exemptions. The Exposure Draft 2013 would supersede IAS 17 leases in IFRS. The primary principle of the proposed requirements is that a company will ensure recognition of assets as well as liabilities that result from lease agreements. The proposed requirements serve as a way of improving the existing lease requirement that fails to require lease assets together with liabilities to be recognized by the majority of lessees. The principle will, therefore, require lessees to ensure recognition of assets as well as liabilities for leases that possess a maximum possible term of more than one financial year (EFRAG, 2013. A lessee will have to recognize the lease liability as well as the underlying asset for the lease term. In recognition, measurement as well as the presentation of an entity’s expenses.

Sales and Inventory Systems Essay Example for Free

Sales and Inventory Systems Essay Yakult was introduced to the Philippines in 1978. Its popularity among Filipinos has significantly grown in the past 33 years. There are two main companies in the Philippines, the Yakult Philippines Incorporated (YPI) and Yakult Marketing Corporation (YMC). Yakult Philippines Incorporated (YPI), an independent company, is a manufacturer and wholesale retailer of Yakult products from Yakult Honsha Co. LTD Japan with a joint venture and shares of investment of 60% for Filipinos and 40% for the Japanese investors. The factory is located in Barrio Makiling, Calamba, Laguna. They have twenty-five distributors from Luzon to Mindanao, supplying the whole country especially wholesale clients. The Yakult Marketing Corporation (YMC) retails their products and incorporates the Yakult Lady System that started in Metro Manila and NCR, then adapted by distributors all over the country. The Prohealth Sales Distributor Corporation which is the exclusive Yakult distributor in La Union started its operation in March 15, 2004. The Company orders its stocks from the Yakult Philippines Incorporated (YPI) and also adapted the Yakult Lady system of the Yakult Marketing Corporation (YMC). There are three branches in La Union and the Main Office is located in Bauang, La Union. The other branches are in Agoo which started in 2005 and Bangar that recently opened last 2011. The Main office receives the stocks ordered from YPI, and then distributes it to the other two branches. For the wholesale, the main office sells the product to all establishments that intend to resell the product. They deliver the products depending on the order or demand of the client. Every day, the main office deliver stocks to the Yakult Ladies, some just go directly to the main office to pay the stocks unpaid so that they can order again. There is an official receipt issued by the main office to the Yakult Ladies that is being manually recorded in order to make the daily sales and collection report at the end of the day. Making the sales report for the Yakult Ladies is a part of the motivational factor, for them to know how much they profit or loss of income and why their sales are going down. It will also become the basis of the company for how much promotional support they will give on the month of December in terms of gifts and other benefits. All the three branches make the daily sales report, the branch in Agoo and Bangar upload and send its reports in the main office in order to be compiled in the Main office. The sales report is made by the company’s secretary, and then thoroughly checked y the supervisor. The computation of the sales report is made in order to compute the sales and profit of the company. The inventory count of stocks must tally onto the sales report in order for the company to monitor the number of stocks distributed day by day. If the sales report and inventory count did not tally, then the processes must be repeated until they meet tally. Hence, the study was propose d to help the processes in Prohealth Distributor Sales Corporation easier, faster and to refrain from human error. Due to growing number of employees, the sale monitoring system if done manually was a lot to handle and time consuming. They need a computerized sales monitoring and inventory system that will make the computation tasks faster. Aside from its accuracy, the proposed system also aims to enhance and provide a better way to store information in a secured manner. The study will be implemented first in the Main Office of the Prohealth Sales Distributor Corporation La Union in order to pilot test the system software being proposed.

Spatial Decoupling methods for Digital Suscriber Line

Spatial Decoupling methods for Digital Suscriber Line In this paper, we present a novel method of spatial decoupling method to the pre- and post-processing of bundled digital subscriber line (DSL) systems using polynomial matrix decomposition algorithms. The proposed algorithm introduce a novel analysis and synthesis frequency splits in addition to upper frequency limits that play a major part in achieving the expected data rates. Instead of the traditional discrete multitone (DMT) architecture, sophisticated modulation structures known as filtered multitone (FMT) precoder for the downstream, and its upstream counterpart an inverse FMT equalizer are evaluated. Simulation results confirm that per-band equalization of polynomial matrices can enhance data rates by using this proposed spatial decoupling approach for DSL lines. Index Terms- Polynomial Matrix Decomposition, Filtered Multitone, DSL, DMT, WHAT IS OFDM? In this paper, we present the foundation for a future generation of spatial decoupling method to the pre- and post-processing of bundled digital subscriber lines (DSL) systems. The paper proposed a new analysis and synthesis frequency splits in addition to upper frequency limits that play a major part in achieving the expected data rates. Instead of the traditional discrete multitone (DMT) architecture, a more sophisticated filtered modulation structure known as filtered multitone (FMT) is proposed in the downstream, and its upstream counterpart an inverse FMT operation. DSL have for decades used DMT to allow the transmission of several high speed broadband signals through the twisted pair copper wire at the same time. Each broadband signal is on a separate frequency or, more specifically, assigned to independent DSL tone/ channel. For instance, what we call Channel 2 occupies 54 MHz-60 MHz. Within each channel used for NTSC analog TV transmission, one will find an amplitude modulated (more specifically, vestigial sideband amplitude modulation or VSB-AM) visual carrier located 1.25 MHz above the lower channel edge, and a frequency modulated aural carrier 4.5 MHz above the visual carrier. A color subcarrier is located in between the visual and aural carriers, approximately 3.58 MHz above the visual carrier. When the cable industry made the jump to digital transmission several years ago, the modulation of choice was QAM. Each downstream QAM signal which is really a double-sideband, suppressed-carrier analog RF signal occupies the same six megahertz of bandwidth as an analog TV signal. The current method of QAM transmission is known as single carrier QAM (SC-QAM); the latter is true even when DOCSIS 3.0 channel bonding is used. Each channel slot carries only one modulated carrier a QAM signal hence, the SC-QAM moniker. The entire data payload transmitted in the channel modulates just that one QAM signal. Now imagine transmitting a large number of individual very-narrow-bandwidth QAM signals hundreds or even thousands within a given channel. A 6-megahertz-wide channel could, for example, contain up to 480 narrow QAM signals that are spaced only 12.5 kilohertz apart. Each of these narrow QAM signals, called a subcarrier, subchannel, or carries a small percentage of the total payload at a very low data rate. The aggregate of all of the subcarriers data rates comprises the total data payload. For improved spectral efficiency, the subcarriers actually overlap one another. This sounds counterintuitive, because one would be inclined to think that, if signals overlap each other, interference will occur. With OFDM, the subcarriers are mathematically orthogonal to that is, distinguishable from one another, which takes care of the interference concern. Orthogonal in this case means the subcarriers are independent such that there is no interaction between them despite the overlap in frequency. The concept is analogous to having zero inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the time domain. Orthogonality is achieved by spacing the subcarriers at the reciprocal of the symbol period (T), also called symbol duration time. This spacing results in the sinc (sin x/x) frequency response curves of the subcarriers lining up so that the peak of one subcarriers response curve falls on the first nulls of the lower and upper adjacent subcarriers response curves. Orthogonal subcarriers each have exactly an integer number of cycles in the interval T. With OFDM, the concept of a six-megahertz-wide channel no longer is necessary. The previously mentioned NCTA paper includes an example of a downstream OFDM channels bandwidth being as wide as 192 megahertz, supporting some 15,200 subcarriers spaced 12.5 kilohertz apart. Along with the subcarriers are pilot tones for synchronization and other purposes. There are guard bands at each end of the 192- megahertz-wide channel, resulting in a useful bandwidth of 190 megahertz. The useful symbol duration time is 80 microseconds (ÂÂ µs), the reciprocal of which is the previously noted subcarrier spacing: 1/0.000080 second = 12,500 hertz. The total symbol duration time is 84.13 ÂÂ µs, which includes what are called guard interval samples and symbol shaping samples. Assuming 4096-QAM on each subcarrier, the 192- megahertz-wide channel supports 2.11 Gbps without FEC. Other example channel bandwidths discussed are 96 megahertz and 48 megahertz. All of these particular OFDM channel bandwidths are multiples of six and eight megahertz, which allows easier coexistence with todays North American and European channel plans. If the spectrum doesnt have enough room for a full OFDM channel, some of the subcarriers can be nulled, which effectively turns them off. OFDM can be used for multiple access say, as OFDMA in the upstream by assigning different subcarriers to different users. OFDM also can be used in combination with such other multiple access schemes as time division multiple access (TDMA). In this case, the full channel would be assigned to one user at a time, and the multiple access achieved via time division. When combined with TDMA, OFDM can deliver a very high peak-data rate, which may be desirable for some applications. Pros And Cons Advantages of OFDM include the ability to adapt to such degraded channel conditions as severe microreflections without the need for complex adaptive equalization algorithms. One reason for the latter is that a very narrow bandwidth subcarrier typically experiences what is known as flat fading when micro-reflections affect channel response. This is in contrast to a SC-QAM signal that occupies the full channel bandwidth and is susceptible to amplitude ripple (standing waves) across that full bandwidth. Each OFDM subcarrier sees just a tiny portion of the ripple, which for the most part affects only the amplitude of the narrow subcarrier. Compensating for what amounts to little more than an amplitude variation among subcarriers simplifie s the fix. Likewise, the composite OFDM signal is more robust than SC-QAM in the presence of interference. For example, a narrowband ingressor like a pager transmitters signal affects only a few subcarriers rather than taking out the full channel. Depending on the severity of the interference, FEC may be able to deal with it. Alternatively, the OFDM transmitter simply can disable a few subcarriers to avoid narrowband interference on problem frequencies. Inter-symbol interference is generally less of a problem with OFDM because of the low data rate per subcarrier. As discussed earlier, the overlapping nature of OFDMs subcarrier transmission provides high spectral efficiency. If information about the channels condition is sent back to the transmitter by the receiver, then adaptive modulation, FEC and power allocation can be applied to all subcarriers, blocks of subcarriers or even individual subcarriers. In other words, some subcarriers in the channel can use higher orders of modulation than other subcarriers, some subcarriers can have more aggressive FEC, and the power of individual subcarriers can be varied all on an as-conditions-warrant basis. OFDM does have a few disadvantages: It is susceptible to frequency and clock errors, although the pilot carriers that accompany the subcarriers help to mitigate this by providing the receiver a means of synchronization. OFDM has a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), but a spectrum full of SC-QAM signals does, too. While PAPR-reduction techniques are available for OFDM and OFDMA, they probably wont be necessary in a typical cable network. Some of OFDMs high spectral efficiency is reduced by the use of cyclic prefixes, which help to maintain subcarrier orthogonality. Why Bother? You may be wondering why one would even consider a new PHY for a possible future version of DOCSIS. After all, SC-QAM works well, and channel bonding can be used to significantly increase data throughput. The good news is that OFDM isnt some new-fangled technology without a proved history. It is used in Wi-Fi networks, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), long term evolution (LTE), digital audio broadcasting (DAB), ultra-wideband (UWB) and Europes digital video broadcasting (DVB). A variation of ODFM also is used in asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) and very high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL). The previously discussed advantages bring a lot of signal transmission flexibility to the table. When OFDM is combined with more powerful FEC like LDPC, higher orders of modulation can be used within the limits of the channel conditions, of course. Toss in new frequency splits and upper frequency limits seem improving the future DSL systems, supporting far higher data rates than are possible the existing DMT-QAM.

The Strategy Used By Munchys Make The Company Marketing Essay

The Strategy Used By Munchys Make The Company Marketing Essay Strategic management is the process which refers to strategy formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross functional decisions to enable an organization to achieve its objectives. A strategy is about long-term planning and it must be implemented and the organization resources as well as its capabilities properly harnessed so as to achieve the planned outcome. Strategic management focuses on integrating management, marketing, finance or accounting, production or operation, research and development, and computer information system to achieve organization success. 2.0 Munchys Background Munchys is known as Malaysias No.1 homegrown biscuit brand which is a remarkable Malaysian success story of five brothers from Muar, Johor. Besides that, Munchy was a company which gains Super brands Status of year 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, and 2009. Actually the name Munchys was derived from the Mandarin term Mai Qi which Mai is the meaning of flour or wheat and Qi is refers to the magical quality found in the delicious wafers that are made from only the finest ingredients. In the beginning, this business is started by two elder brothers from Tan family who asked their father to allow them to start their own company. With his agreement, their business started out as a cottage operation in Johor back in 1991 with producing wafers, wafer sticks and biscuits with an Austrian-made second-hand wafer stick machine costing RM80, 000. With their high spirits they try their best to produce the highest quality wafer sticks around and they make it as Malaysias No.1 homegrown biscuit brand. From an Original Equipment Manufacturer to a household name, the Munchys brand was born in 1993. In year 2006, Munchy was recorded in Malaysia Book of Records as Largest Wafer Manufacturer in 2005. During 1997 till 1998, Munchy almost went bankrupt during the Asian financial crisis but luckily the company was survived from the Asian financial crisis and its revenue jumped from RM20mil in 1998 to RM50mil in 1999. According to a Nielsen Retail Index Corporate Value Share report in 2008, Munchys was ranked Malaysias No.1 homegrown biscuit brand excluding Sabah and Sarawak from June 2006 to 2008. Besides that, Munchys is keep looking forward at new potential products and innovations as it works towards keeping up its standing in Malaysia as the countrys most innovative and success biscuit brand. They have an entire RD department that specifically focuses on this aspect, so as to always stay at the forefront of innovation. Munchys major markets are in Asia, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan and Japan being its key markets, their vision is to be significant in 100 countries by 2020. On the other hand, Munchys mission is to bring joy and add flavor to every occasion with their high quality, affordable and fun-eating snacks. The companys CEO, C.K Tan always believed in the power of branding and automation and technology will gain benefits in a business. He spent RM500, 000 on IT systems for Munchys in 1997 and now a day he still investing on it because he believe that computerization will makes the productivity of company more efficient. 3.0 PEST in Strategic Analysis The PEST analysis is an analysis which concerned with the environmental influences on a business. It is a business measurement tool for understanding market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business. PEST analysis is also an acronym stand for Political, Economic, Social and Technological issues that could affect the strategic development of a business to assess the market. 3.0.1 Political Munchys have always recognized the important of manufacturing only Halal product since the government of Malaysia focusing on turning the nation into an international Halal Hub. That is a reason why Munchys have a dedicated committee that deals with all things Halal. The Committee is made up of representatives from each key section that contributes to the making of the products. Munchys is setting its sights on a greater share of the regional pie while the tariff and trade barriers are trimmed with the formation of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). In fact of this, Munchy have been opened a new branch offices in ASEAN neighbors. 3.0.2 Economic Nowadays, Munchys sales in ASEAN have seen a clear uptrend because of the proactive approach of Munchys done in sales and distribution, For instance, Mr. Tan reveals that sales in Singapore have grown by more than 50% since 2003, making the island Munchys third largest export market. Besides that, The Company has experienced double-digit growth not only within Malaysia but also in Japan, Singapore and other Asian countries. Still, Munchys export growth has been broad-based and their exports have been grown by close to 60% within this year. The local market is also growing, as Malaysias population expands. 3.0.3 Social Nowadays, health as a prime concern is now increasingly by many consumers, accordingly, Munchys have been reformulating their range to feature less sugar, less salt, lower fat and high nutrient content. Munchys believes that it must be a balance achieved between good taste and health. The CEO of the company Mr. Tan frequently used Teamwork as the key word to describe how the company has evolved and transformed. In order to work for teamwork, the staff from all levels must believe and have confidence with the brand of the company and be able to deliver the brand promise effectively to consumers. Munchys has various CSR (corporate social responsibility) programmes in place which mainly aid to orphanages and hospices for children. Munchy Food also aims to produce more quality products on par with international brands but reflecting a typical Malaysian identity by carrying the spirit of Malaysia Boleh. 3.0.4 Technology Munchys tried to keeping up its standing in Malaysia as the countrys most innovative and success biscuit brand, in fact Munchys keep looking forward at new potential products and innovations as it works towards. They have an entire RD department that specifically focuses on new potential products and innovations to ensure the company always stay at the forefront of innovation. They believes that with the technologies and know-how todays, they could probably walk three steps ahead compared to the old days when they could only do things step by step. Actually, Mr. Tan has been started its regional expansion plans where Munchys has sales and marketing teams in Singapore and Indonesia, while establishing teams in a number of other Asian countries. Munchys always believed in the power of branding and automation and technology will gain benefits in a business. He spent RM500, 000 on IT systems for Munchys in 1997 and now a day he still investing on it because he believe that computerizatio n will makes the productivity of company more efficient. 3.1 SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a basic, straightforward model that provides direction and serves as a basis for the development of marketing plans. It is an acronym used to describe the particular Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that are strategic factors for a specific company. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors. 3.1.1 Strength Munchys always emphasizes the delicious wafers that are made from only the finest ingredients. They believe that the only way to produce the highest quality wafer sticks is using the finest ingredients. Besides owning state-of-the-art machines, have a good and committed management team with a strong multinational background assist Munchys investment in talent and that is a factor that sets Munchys apart from the rest of the competition. Another area of strength is their focus on brand-building, Mr. Tan engaged an international branding consultant to establish Munchys as a distinct brand in 2004. Although Mr. Tan believes in continuous product development and he knows that everything starts from the product so he put a lot of innovative ideas into designing the products from the packaging to brand image, the sharp and weight of the products, basically from all aspects. Until now, Munchys company still keeps thinking on how to make the existing products better in innovative. 3.1.2 Weaknesses Although Munchys company always thinking about how to make their product become more innovative, but what they done is just put effort on the wrapping of their product but not in the flavor and the varieties of the product. Munchys should put effort on the variety of their product. For example like Nestle Company, their production such as Milo drinks, ice cream, Chocolate and so on. The varieties of their products on the market strengthen the value of their product in the market. 3.1.3 Opportunities In laying the groundwork for their Asian expansion, Tan started to transform the company three years ago. This included bringing in an impressive senior management team with a strong MNC (Multinational Corporation) background. The idea is to eventually allow Malaysia to run without him as CEO so that he can focus on its regional plans. With the need to bring in new skill sets, Munchys structured a supervising board which is filled by some of the brothers and also some very experienced former chief executives to help guide the company forward. To produce better products, Munchys claims that it is the market leader in the wafer category and the top three in the biscuits market share ranking. Invests substantially in RD, adding that research is an important aspect of branding and it is imperative to work closely with consumers to understand their wants and needs. 3.1.4 Threats Munchys intention to re-brand or remodel Munchys into an international brand which aimed at establishing home-grown Munchys as a global brand in line with its new business directives of aggressively expanding into foreign markets. Besides that they also plan to increase their export sales by 25% to RM50mil in year 2010 and the company is heading towards a new business direction for further market expansion. Munchy Food maintains its competitiveness through endless upgrading of its operations, marketing, sales and distribution, research and development, and most importantly, capital-intensive investments. Most of these heavy investments derive from world-class machinery and automation, computerization, and ERP engagement for its management. 3.2 Benchmarking analysis Benchmarking analysis is an analysis contributes lessons are learned. This analysis is a process of continual improvement which helps a company who is still growing to identify their trouble spots and provides a systematic approach to improving production efficiency and profitability. Nestle is the worlds largest food and beverage company which leading in Nutrition, Health and Wellness and they employs over a quarter of a million workers. Compare with Munchys, Nestle strategy is based on a broad range which the company overcome cultural barriers and customer resentments to foreign brands by purchases local brand names which the consumer is accustomed to. After these niches of basic food supply are filled Nestle moves on into the more upscale segments such as chocolate, soft drinks and the like. Their strategy is to establish a basis and then expand into more niches as demand rises. Connected to the rising demand is the rising income level as the population can afford to spend more money on food products. As mentioned in the book, Nestle provides about 8500 brand names, but only 750 of them are registered in more than one country and only 80 are registered in more than ten countries. Many household names such as Nescafe, KitKat and Nesquik were Nestle produces and some other brands are also well known by consumers just they might not have realized that they were Nestle products. In 2002 Nestle had a sales turnover of over  £38.3 billion on which it made a net profit of over  £3.2 billion. The majority of this profit was re-invested in the business whilst the remainder was paid out to shareholders in dividends. Munchys put more effort in RD on their wrapping and brand-building. They have spending close to RM4 million on branding and ads every year and this budget is increasing. Besides that, the company also invested RM10 million to buy packaging machines from Japan. Munchys always thinking about how to make their product become more innovative, but what they done is just put effort on the wrapping of their product but not in the flavor and the varieties of the product. Munchys should have a broad range to improve their performance in production efficiency and profitability. 4.0 Strategy Formulation Strategy formulation is the second phase in the strategic management process which produces a clear set of recommendations and supporting justification that revises as necessary the mission and objectives of the organization, and supplies the strategies for accomplishing them. Strategy formulation is the process of planning strategies such as corporate strategies and business strategies. Sometimes it is useful to think of corporate-level strategies as where to compete and the business-level strategies as how to compete in those areas.Strategy formulation includes the planning and decision making that lead to the establishment of the firms goal and the development of a specific strategic plan by assessing the external environment and internal problem and integrate the result into goals and strategy. 4.1 Corporate Strategic A corporate strategy depicts the corporate cultures perception of progress and growth. Besides that, this strategy is comprises a directional strategy through a corporate vision and a mission statement. One of the most important roles of this strategy is to define a companys domain of activity through selection of business areas in which the companys domain of activity through selection of business areas in which the company will compete. Portfolio analysis is an analysis which combines internal and external factors and could be dealt with in the discussion of strategy in a company. Besides that, portfolio analysis is an enterprise strategy development tool based primarily on the market share of business and the growth of market in which company business exists. Munchys boasts a great range of portfolio that includes biscuits, wafers and wafer sticks. In order to achieve the best product quality, Munchys has invested in fully-integrated conveyer system to state-of-the-art warehouses for its commitment to have facilities of the highest quality. This includes two wafer plants with the capacity to manufacture up to 740 tonnes per month, four biscuit plants which can produce up to 3,400 tonnes per month, and four wafer-stick machines with 16 production lines that have the capacity to produce up to 250 tonnes per month. These manufacture enable Munchys maximize their production and now reach the capacity of 5,000 tonnes up wards per month. Few years ago, Munchys have the launch their new product, new Munchys Mini crackers and it affect the company in expecting export sales from RM90mil to RM100mil and a total revenue of over RM300mil, against RM250mil. In fact of this, Munchys had invested about RM75mil in new equipment in two years before launching this product and it resulted in the production of the new Munchys Mini crackers. 4.2 Business Strategic Business-level strategy formulation pertains to domain direction and navigation, or how business should compete in the areas they have selected. Low-cost provider strategy is using by a company which securing a competitive advantage by serving a lower price than rival competitors. This is a strategy is an integrated of actions taken to produce goods or services with features that are acceptable by customers at the lowest cost compare to the competitors which just with features that are acceptable to customers. This strategy maintain present price, be content with present market share, and use lower-cost edge to earn a higher profit margin on each unit sold, thereby increasing total profits. Munchys mission is to bring joy and add flavor to every occasion with their high quality, affordable fun-eating snacks. Munchys make an achievement in low overall cost which by manufacturing nutritional biscuits in convenient packets as well as coated and cube wafers at lower prices than rivals. The products that Munchys produce are currently include approximately of the consumers across all segments like kids, teenagers, and adults. So t hat Munchys product is offering the buyers consider essential with their various types of product. Differentiation Strategy is an Action which set an acceptable cost that let customers perceives the different on the produce goods or services. The objective of this strategy is to affect buyers to prefer Munchys product or service over brand of rivals. On the other way, it means that a company has to take an initiative action such as creative idea on what is important to customer. With the constant line-up of new products and product innovation constantly introduced to the market, Munchys has become synonymous with innovation. Most recently Munchys was launched in response to the current trend and desire for healthy snacks. This kind of healthy snack filled with healthy and scrumptious fruit, oats, and more, the Oat Krunch makes a delectable, healthy biscuit that one will reach out for anytime of the day. In the second quarter of 2009, Munchys launched the irresistible Captain Munch which aimed their targeted at teenagers and kids. This product is enriched with Energy Plus that cont ains Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6 and B12. This makes Captain Munch a source of vitamin and nutrition, as well as the perfect nutritious health snack solution for smart and active kids and teens. These recent additions products, Oat Krunch and Captain Munch have been reinforce Munchys commitment to providing more great-tasting snacks that help consumers strike a healthy balance in their daily lives. With their product which differentiating in features cause their rivals not easily to copy or matched. So, it may cause the buyers to prefer Munchys product or service over brand than rivals. Best-cost provider strategy is a combination of a strategic which emphasis on low-cost strategy and differentiation strategy. In this strategy, company must make an upscale product at a lower cost to prove the customer that its benefit for the value. It works on deliver comparable features at a lower price than rivals or matches rivals on prices and provides better features. Munchys brand mission is to produce all kinds of fun-eating snacks for every home all over the world. Presently, its strength lies in its high quality and diverse product range which Coupled with marketing strategies like manufacturing nutritional biscuits in convenient packets as well as coated and cube wafers at lower prices than competitors. Munchys Food also aims to produce more quality products on par with international brands but reflecting a typical Malaysian identity. Besides selling products at lower prices, Munchys always ensure that its products always in good quality, Munchys Quality Assurance and Qua lity Control Department ensures that all production procedures that are in place are constantly adhered to. According to the international standards set by the many regulatory boards from which Munchys has received official certification. With their good-to-excellent performance at a lower cost than rivals, they may affect consumers who are sensitive to price and value. 5.0 Strategy implementation Strategy implementation is the most important and most difficult part of the strategic management process which requires the organizations employees and managers at all levels to turn strategies into action. Actually, strategy formulation is described what a company going to do but strategy implementation is doing it. A successful strategy implementation requires support, discipline, motivation, and hard work from all managers and employees. In the aspect of management issues, Munchys has its own policies to operate on Munchys daily operation. Munchys prefer to focus on company and product development which boast a great range on produce its products with world class quality and build a long term brand. To produce the high quality product, Munchys has invested in full-integrated conveyer system to state-of-the-art warehouse which have two wafer plants, four biscuit plants and four wafer-stick machines with 16 production lines. With these systems, Munchys can have maximum production c apacity of 5000 tonnes upwards per month. To keeping up its standing in Malaysia most innovative biscuit brand, Munchys always looking at potential new products and innovations. Although Munchys has already a strong presence in Malaysia, it still continues to raise the bar by constantly strengthening their product appeal and market network in Asia and around the world. Besides that, Munchys believes in strong and effective in brand building, and achieves this through its strategic consumer-led promotions. To achieve this, Munchys is regularly brand-building through their numerous innovations and new products. One of the Munchys key on drivers in brand building is its active in sponsorship role. Munchys is a big player and firm believer in sponsorship and now being the proud sponsor of major concerts organized by top concert and event organizers, television and radio stations. Before this, Munchys has sponsored the Miss Chinese Cosmos Southeast Asia Pageant with created its very own title Miss Munchys Fun Fit. The title is in line with the launch of its new health range of product, Oat Krunch. Nowadays, sponsorships help Munchys increased in its mileage and the brand image is easily recognizable as one that offers high quality products. To ensure consumer can taste its keep supporting Munchys high quality products, Munchys Quality Assurance and Quality Control Department played an important role. This department ensures that all the production procedures that are in place are constantly adhered to the international standards set by the many regulatory boards from which Munchys has received official. The department is function in three categories which is in-process quality control, incoming control and laboratories. In-Process Quality Control is used on monitoring the product quality parameters at various processing stages from raw material until finished goods. Incoming Control is to monitoring of raw material and packaging at the entry level. The third category is the Laboratories and this category is divided to 2 part which is Microbiology Laboratory that responsibility on analyze and minimize microbiology contamination of products, processing lines, operators and general environment, thus ensuring the products a re free from harmful bacteria contamination. General Laboratory is responsibility to ensure that all the products meet legislative requirements, and are up to its consumers expectations. Munchys today boasts state-of-the-art manufacturing and warehousing facilities which cover more than 400,000 square feet in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Besides that, Munchys products can be found in approximately 60 countries around the world. In fact of this, MunchWorld Marketing Sdn Bhd which set up in 1996 was played an important role as the marketing arm of all Munchys products. Munchys vantage point was its in-depth know-how into the successful marketing of fast-moving consumer goods or FMCGs, both locally and internationally. Munchys marketing prowess was proven through its own well-known, established and popular products among consumers. Besides that, MunchWorld was able to impart invaluable insights into product development, having grown Munchys from scratch with our endless pool of resources and knowledge. This made us feel it was time to share our skills and expertise with other reputable brands that understood the potential and value of good marketeering. To strengthening their product appeal and market from rivals, Munchys products always attract consumers across all segments such as kids, teenagers, adults. For example, Munchys launched the irresistible Captain Munch which aimed their targeted at teenagers and kids. This product is enriched with source of vitamin and nutrition as well as the perfect nutritious health snack solution for smart and active kids and teens. These products have been reinforce Munchys commitment to providing more great-tasting snacks that help consumers strike a healthy balance in their daily lives. 6.0 Conclusion The strategy used by Munchys make the company become stronger and stronger. The product their product are aimed on the teenagers and kids which enrich with health sources, and halal which mean the products are available to Islamic. Their RD which specifically focuses on new potential products and innovations will ensure the company always stays at the forefront of innovation. Every new products come out from Munchys are always supported by their chocolate lover. The main reason why the customers always supporting their product is Munchys always emphasize on using the high quality ingredient to process the high quality product. The effort on using the high quality ingredient on process the high quality product ensures Munchys become successful. Referencing: http://www.munchys.com/MY/html/history.aspx http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/strategy_formulation.html http://www.munchys.com/MY/main.aspx http://www.batupahat.org/?p=942 http://www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AllAboutNestle.htm Author by CATHY A.ENZ, Hospitality Strategic Management (concept and cases), second edition, page 18. Author by Richard L. Daft, Patricia Lane, Management, page 191.

The Negative impact of Social Networking Sites in Business Essay

Introduction In recent years, the Internet and especially the social networking sites have enabled a communication revolution: the ability to send and receive timely information everywhere has changed the way we live. As an online social networking site (SNS), it collects personal information and stored in the users’ profiles, and it is extremely popular because it allows people to connect with users with similar interests, build and maintain relationships with friends, and feel more connected with their neighbors or campus. On the contrary, it is obvious that although social networking sites like Facebook and LinkedIn, rank high in people’s daily life, they also give rise to the unexpected disturbing matters in business. Facebook Features Facebook, a popular social networking site founded in 2004 by a Harvard sophomore, has already had more than 800 million active users by July 2011. (Giles, 2011) Like other sites, users must register with e-mail address before using the site. And once a user has logged in, he/she can join a school network, search for friends and view other users’ profile as long as the privacy feature is turned off. Within the account, users can post status, share videos and photos, publish notes, list interests and personal details. Facebook also has the optional privacy features which restrict others access to only partial of their profiles. (Cain, 2007) Facebook and Development Issues An apparent problem with irrational using online SNS is how they ruin your opportunities. Even though we always heard about how Facebook and other SNS help people getting jobs and know about companies before the interviews. But there are some possibilities that those websites can ruin your future career development. And it ... ...ed to Internet increases the time to accomplish a project or even bring a general reduction in quality. Conclusion This paper has provided an overview of how partial social networking sites form the negative impact on businesses. SNS such as Facebook provide individuals the way to maintain connects and broaden the way people used to think and behave, which is beneficial in daily life. These same sites, however, I argue that, also present a danger to people’s expected future development and reputation, safety and working. In order to avoid these disadvantages from using social networking sites, it would be better for people always being smart about what to put on Facebook and other SNS because you wouldn’t be informed being inspected. And try as much as possible to get away from these sites when you are working or studying since attention must paid 100% on them.