Marijuanna a question essays

Marijuanna an inquiry papers Less Coloradans have pursued the state's clinical maryjane program than anticipated yet authorities state the pace may increment in coming months. Ninety-nine Coloradans are lawfully smoking weed with their primary care physician's endorsement under the state's 7-month-old Medical Marijuana Registry program. The figure is well behind its anticipated pace of 700 candidates in the initial a year, however library director Gail Kelsey said a comparable program in Oregon got steam following a half year. Posted by FoM on January 02, 2002 at 16:54:12 PT Like any war, the War on Drugs has its great warriors a differed bundle, originating from varying backgrounds and filling all positions. They incorporate energetic volunteers, from the medication autocrats at the highest point of the order chain to the beat cops, Drug Enforcement Administration and Customs Service specialists out in the field. The war likewise has hesitant recruits, for example, state and government judges constrained by compulsory least condemning standards to authorize laws that many see as counterproductive and unfair. Posted by FoM on January 02, 2002 at 16:12:25 PT The previous spring, the Chicago City Council chose to take action against wild rave parties that draw youths into situations stacked with hazardous club drugs, underage drinking and some of the time savage sexual conduct, as the Chicago Tribune put it. The paper portrayed raves as one-night-just gatherings regularly held in distribution centers or mystery areas where individuals pay to move, take drugs, play uproarious music, and take part in irregular sex acts. Taking a dreary perspective on such goings-on, the city chamber passed a statute taking steps to prison building proprietors or directors who permitted raves to be hung on their property. Posted by FoM on January 02, 2002 at 15:33:45 PT ... <!

Apparent altruism in non-human animals Essays

Obvious charitableness in non-human creatures Essays Obvious charitableness in non-human creatures Essay Obvious charitableness in non-human creatures Essay Selflessness can be depicted as a demonstration or conduct in which is profitable to another yet at an expense to the living being completing it. Evident philanthropy is the idea that albeit a conduct may appear to be completely charitable or magnanimous, there is really an advantage picked up by the individual executing the demonstration. Charles Darwin, he who at first introduced the Theory of Evolution in 1859, was confused about the reasons in why unselfishness happens between creatures. Some portion of his concern was that he didn't have any information concerning hereditary qualities. He accepted that all attributes in living beings were exclusively passed on by a procedure of mixing. He likewise accepted that people lived to imitate. Thus, if a parent, say a mother bear, were to ensure her cubbased on his hypothesis it would not profit her at all, as it would not build her capacity to replicate later on. After Darwin died, be that as it may, numerous hypotheses developed and t urned into the numerous clarifications in why unselfishness happens in non-human creatures. One of the incredible issues of Darwins hypothesis of advancement was its inadequacy to legitimize the improvement of the sovereign honey bee and sterile working drones. How could such a gathering develop if its individuals could leave no posterity to raise the sterile laborer characteristics? In 1963, Hamilton settled Darwins conundrum by introducing the Kin Selection Theory. His hypothesis expresses that any person that give qualities to the people in the future is performed, not just by methods for their own regenerative achievement, yet in addition by improving the conceptive capability of their family members. Hamilton (1963) set up the term comprehensive wellness to depict how much evident benevolence is indicated relying upon the hereditary relatedness between people. The relatedness between a parent and a youngster is 1/2 (as the kid will acquire half of every parent quality); kin relatedness is 1/2, additionally viewed as posterity reciprocals; a grandparent and a grandkid, 1/4, etc. As per this hypothesis, the closer the comprehensive wellness, the more noteworthy the collaboration and benevolence. Kinfolk Selection clarifies circumstances, for example, the regenerative unselfishness in social creepy crawlies. Female working drones renounce their generation capacity to nurture sovereigns youthful. Thusly, they increment their comprehensive wellness by more than 1/4 (anyway in every case under 1/2, as it could never reach to the mother-little girl point). This would appear to be more sensible than if any female working drones chose to leave the hive, imitate all alone and at long last, losing every last bit of her comprehensive wellness to zero because of losing all insurance, warmth and food from her hive. In 1981, Sherman watched Kin philanthropy between Beldings ground squirrels. It was with the end goal that nearby related squirrels, (for example, mother-little girl, sister-sister connections) didn't show any forceful conduct towards one another; it was even seen that they regularly helped each other in protecting their young ones and sign alert calls at seeing predators, while random females were seen to be profoundly forceful. In North Mexico, female medical attendant prairie hounds feed posterity having a place with her kin. The female prairie hounds surrender assets having a place with them and give it their kin posterity in light of the fact that as they keep them took care of and fit, she expands her comprehensive wellness. The male prairie hounds, in the in the interim, sit on the tunnel edge and give cautioning barks to help other people escape from predators. He, by giving these caution signals, would not just increment his comprehensive wellness (helping the females and posterity be frightened and escape), yet may likewise get a complementary kindness by others later on. This can be clarified by another hypothesis found by Trivers (1971) known as Reciprocal Altruism. Complementary charitableness is the procedure by which an individual will play out a benevolent demonstration towards another in return for the subsequent individual restoring the selfless kindness sooner or later. The final product of this trade leaves the two people with an expanded individual wellness. Wilkinson (1984) watched unselfishness performed between Vampire bats. They disgorged nourishment for each other in wanting to develop a relationship dependent on shared trades of favor. If at any time a bat would not restore some help, the expense of being denied a supper having once cheated is high. Trivers knew about the conceivable outcomes, subsequently he demonstrated that proportional benevolence would just advance in species where people could perceive one another and apply disciplines to the individuals who won't respond. The blow for blow procedure (Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981) works by every creature reacting with the goal that an agreeable conduct is trailed by a helpful conduct, and an absconding is followed similarly by shared deserting, as occurs among bats. Guard meerkats dangers assault by giving alert calls to other people. This demonstration will cost risk in his part, maybe even passing; in any case, it is accepted that the demonstration will be responded later on. Youthful male mandrills without mates will cooperate to take a predominant guys mate (Packer 1977): one primate diverting the prevailing male while different mates. The expense to the primate (the danger of being harmed by the predominant male) is far exceeded by the hereditary advantage picked up by the monkey mating. Be that as it may, later on, when the male, which completed the past benevolent act, is prepared, the subsequent mandrill will give back by being the interruption. Mutualism, or return impacts, happens where people will coordinate and help each other in light of the fact that as a group, they can accomplish more than working alone. Caraco and Wolf (1975) watched a common impact between lionesses; they chase together to cut down wildebeests. Actuated philanthropy additionally alluded to control or social parasitism-is the demonstration of requesting help from others and use it as a strategy planned for cheating. Brood Parasitism, the laying of eggs in another feathered creatures home, is a case of prompted philanthropy performed by cuckoos and various different species (Davies and Brooke 1991). Creepy crawly grub asks for food from the passing insect and afterward goes after them. Aspidontus, a fish whose appearance takes after the cleaner fish Labroides, rather than cleaning the host fish, approaches and nibbles into its substance. Charles Darwin knew that his hypothesis of development contained imperfections; he didn't figure out how to comprehend the reasons why benevolence happened; why an individual would do a specific demonstration or conduct to help other people while, meanwhile, disadvantaging themselves. Be that as it may, with the assistance from Hamilton, Trivers, Wilkinson and different scientists, we would now be able to apply the information on hereditary qualities that we have today, and, to a limited degree, clarify and legitimize the reasons of philanthropy. Research has demonstrated that for obvious philanthropy to happen, there must be something consequently; remunerations, for example, a hereditary prize (expanding their comprehensive wellness, key: Kin Altruism), or a drawn out remuneration for the individual in question (individual wellness or personal circumstance, key: Reciprocal Altruism). In any case, do creatures consistently require something consequently with the goal for them to sho wcase a decent deed? All things considered, there are cases in which genuine benevolence happens, however it is just on a non-willful or mixed up premise because of a double dealing or control (Induced Altruism) yet other than that, we can basically accept that creatures are down right narrow minded.

Argumentative essay on interracial relationships - 1375 Words

Argumentative essay on interracial relationships (Essay Sample) Content: Bonface Ngalu Writ 101 Tutor 19 November 2013 Argumentative essay on interracial relationships The issue of interracial relationships is complex, diverse and complicated, thus forming fodder for debates in various sectors. People hold opinions on this subject, thus raising the question: Yesteryears and today are interracial still a taboo in the 21st century? Claim - Although it may appear that interracial relationships are becoming more prevalent and accepted today, people continue to hold many of the same prejudices that others have established over the decades. It is true that interracial relationships are more accepted, but many people do not believe that all races are equal and largely choose romantic relationships within their same race. The principle underpinning this claim stems from the concept of ethnicity and tribal alignment. Since people come from diverse backgrounds, the socialization process is different and highly determines and shapes peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s opinions on relationships, love and marriage. It is a widely accepted notion that couples are more comfortable in relationships with people of the same race. This is because they want to â€Å"multiply† their generation and extend their kinship ties. Therefore, coupling among people of the same race becomes easy since it is less complex and does not involve a lot of traditions and commitments. This argumentative essay seeks to provide evidence to support this claim. Reason 1: There are many hardships faced by couples in interracial relationships Evidence 1: The movie â€Å"Who’s coming to dinner† by Stanley Kramer clearly displays various scenes capturing the many hardships the people in interracial relationships experience. For instance, Joey’s father Matt Drayton is deeply offended with her relationship with a person from a race he considers as inferior. He goes on to tell Joy â€Å"over 100 million people in the country are likely to be shock ed, offended and appalled with her relationship. Further, he cautions her that the two of them will be forced to ride out for the rest of their lives because their relationship is not perceived well by the society† (Tristar Home Video n.p). This evidently depicts the challenges that people in interracial relationships endure to make it a success. Just like Joey, many couples of different races are perceived negatively up by the community since they have different backgrounds. However, relationships should not be pegged on race; instead couples should be given all the freedom to enjoy their union since there is a lot to gain in cultural diversity. Evidence 2: In the short story â€Å"Say yes† written by Tobias Wolff, a husband and his wife Ann are discussing on the significance of race when it comes to relationships and marriage. In the short story, the Ann argues that race should not be a factor when people are coming together as a couple. However, the husband disagr ees saying that race exceptionally significant. His sentiments are expressed in his words â€Å"how can one totally understand someone who comes from a different race† (Charters 874). The husband argues that whites should not intermarry with blacks because they will never understand each other since they come from different cultures. The story goes on to depict various arguments between the wife and her husband and the conversation ends prematurely. Ann is visibly angered with her husband’s sentiments and views of interracial marriage as expressed in the emotions she portrays. For instance, she pinches her lower eyebrows, carelessly washes the dishes, flips pages of a magazine loudly, and biting her lower lips. However, as the story closes, the husband is seen showing concern for his wife and apologizes for having an opposing view. He realized that he has hurt her feelings and promises to make up for it. He even confesses â€Å"I would marry you no matter what race you came from† (Charters 873). Thus, the two evidences above prove a critical point that couples in interracial relationships endure various challenges to survive. Furthermore, if the couple is not strong and principled, some may end separating as a result of societal pressure. Reason 2: Though widely accepted, interracial relationships are still considered abnormal Evidence 1: In the short story â€Å"Say yes† written by Tobias Wolff, which was published 18 years after Kramer’s film, various themes of interracial relationships are portrayed. Interracial relationships are still considered an emotive and divisive issue in society. In the story, Ann’s husband is believed to be harboring racist ideas behind closed doors. However, to the outside world, he is regarded as a caring and a great family man. When a neighbor enters the house, Ann’s husband is found bandaging her hand after she had been hurt, further, the husband head to the kitchen to conti nue cleaning dishes. In that sense, the neighbor thinks that Ann’s husband is so caring without prior knowledge of what had transpired before (Charters 876). However, Ann’s husband mentions the fact that white and blacks should not intermarry because they come from different cultures. The husband says â€Å"a person from their culture cannot understand a person from our culture† (Charters 875). The main theme in this story is superiority of one race over another in relationships. In spite of the fact that Ann tries to make his husband understand that all races are equal, he maintains his stand, thus indicating that interracial marriages will continue to face hostility. Evidence 2: In her article â€Å"Marriage, a history† Stephanie Coontz provides a historical analysis of the evolution of marriage since the 17th century till the present age. According to Coontz, enlightenment has brought about a whole new idea of marriage and love, thus making it an acc epted phenomenon. She states â€Å"in the older times parents used to make pre-arranged marriages for their children so as to fulfill the family’s emotional needs† (143). As a result of such arrangements, parents did not find partners for their children outside their race, hence trivializing the concept of racism. However, things changed during the 18th century because children became more enlightened. As a result, people are able to make â€Å"personal choices, thus replacing pre-arranged marriages and people were encouraged to marry for love and not money or any other reason† (Coontz 145-146). This development has revolutionized marriage as both the husband and wife take up a new role in the family. Reason 3: Racism will always be a common occurrence in interracial relationships. Evidence 1: In the movie â€Å"Who’s coming to dinner† by Stanley Kramer, the concept of racism is clearly demonstrated. Joey Drayton who comes from a liberal upper c lass American home find it extremely difficult to introduce her boyfriend John Prentice; a black person in her family. Joey’s parents Matt and Christina Drayton find openly reject John as their future son-inlaw because he is from a different race. During the dinner, that evening Matt says â€Å"you cannot completely understand a pers...

Arizona Colleges and Universities Pursing Advanced Education in The Grand Canyon State 2019

With a 1,000% increase in population since 1940, Arizona is a popular location for students wishing to work and study. Surprise, AZ ranked number one on Money Magazines list of cities with the fastest job growth from 2000 to 2017. Throughout the state, Arizona colleges and universities provide quality training for a rapidly expanding labor market. Thanks to advanced technology, starting or advancing a career in The Grand Canyon State of Arizona is now easier than ever before. Prominent Arizona Industries Hire Graduates of Arizona Colleges and Universities Arizonas largest employer is the state government. However, a variety of industries contribute to the overall economy. Arizona college graduates can expect to find employment in industries, such as: Arizona Manufacturing. Arizona Construction. Arizona Tourism. Arizona High Technology Research and Development. Arizona Communications. Arizona Service Industries. Arizona College Graduates Enjoy a Healthy Local Economy Arizona enjoys a health economy with an unemployment rate well below the national average. The U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics offer several promising statistics for Arizona university students: The September, 2017 Arizona unemployment rate was 3%, compared to the national average of 4%. 2,858,100 people are employed in Arizona. The 2016 2017 Arizona median household income was $45,279. The state of Arizona has the 61st largest economy in the world. .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b:active, .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Master of Science in School Psychology Preventing Depression in School-Aged ChildrenArizona Financial Aid Programs Help More Students Attend Arizona Universities and Colleges Students attending Arizona universities and colleges can expect to find several sources of financial assistance that can be applied to Arizona schools, such as Kaplan University and University of Phoenix. The Arizona Commission for Postsecondary Education offers information on the following programs: Arizona Leveraging Education Assistance Partnership Grant. Arizona Private Postsecondary Education Student Financial Assistance. Federal Pell Grant for Arizona College Students. Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant for Arizona College Students. More information about attending Arizona colleges and universities is available through College-Pages.com, a leading education and career resource website. Prospective students will find links to Arizona degree programs and informative articles for making education and career decisions in the state of Arizona. Related ArticlesVirginia Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Virginia, the Old Dominion StateIowa Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Iowa, the Hawkeye StateNorth Dakota Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in North DakotaOklahoma Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Oklahoma, the Sooner StatePursuing Advanced Education in the Heartland of Dixie Alabama Colleges and UniversitiesNew Hampshire Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in New Hampshire .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da:active, .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Rapid Growth of IT Businesses

The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Greeks and...

The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Greeks and Romans Throughout history, society has placed a different value on physical education and sport. The purpose of physical education has changed over different time periods and as a result of ever-changing socio-cultural events. Some civilizations use the practice of physical education to prepare for war, some for profit, and some for a general all-around development. Three ancient cultures are of particular importance to development of physical education. The Athenian Greeks, the Spartan Greeks, and the Romans each had their own beliefs about the mind, body, and spirit. While these early civilizations valued physical development to varying degrees, they are all worthy of†¦show more content†¦A famous Greek epic, the Iliad, described the funeral games held in honor of Patroclus, Achilles friend who had been killed in the Trojan War (Lumpkin, 1990, p. 167). The men participated in a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, a footrace, a duel with spears, a discus throw, archery, and a javelin throw. Women had a very different role in Athenian society. The girls remained at home with their mothers and received little or no education. They were secluded to the home after marriage (Lumpkin, 1990, p. 168). In contrast, the purpose of education in ancient Sparta was to produce a well-drilled, well-disciplined marching army (Donn Donn, 2000). Sparta was known for conquering other lands and everything carried out in the Spartan society was done for the purpose of achieving this goal. To become a superior Spartan soldier, boys had to endure unbelievable pain and hardship. The boys were taken away from their parents at age 7, and lived a harsh and brutal life in the soldiers barracks. The older children started fights with the younger children to make them tough and strong (Donn Donn, 2000). Spartan boys utilized running and jumping as a means of conditioning. They also participated in swimming, hunting, wrestling, boxing, playing ball, riding horses bareback, throwing the discus and the javelin, and competing in the pancratium. A strict code of discipline was placed on its people. As boysShow MoreRelatedAncient Greek Athletes : An Idealized Human1226 Words   |  5 PagesThe Anc ient Greek Athlete: An Idealized Human In Ancient Greece the culture thrived on the Olympic Games. This was a sacred time period were all the Greek country sides would hold fighting and come together (Girginov Parry, 2005). The few Olympic athletes that made it to the games were idealized (â€Å"Ancient Olympia History,† n.d.). The high values the society and people placed on the games and the athletes are what defined the epitome of humankind. Ancient Greek Olympic athletes were oftenRead More Greeks and romans Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pages Three ancient civilizations contributed most to Western society. These ancient cultures were the Romans, Greeks, and Judeo-Christians. Although all three had a major impact on our life today in areas such Philosophy, Art, Architecture, Education, Military, Family Life, Government, and many more, it is evident that the Roman civilization has impacted Western Society beyond the other two. But to come to this conclusion you must first look at all aspects of life of all t hree cultures. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead More Greek Education v.s Roman Education Essay examples6135 Words   |  25 Pagesand Differences: Ancient Greece vs. Ancient Rome nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many qualities of the Ancient Roman civilization were undoubtedly borrowed from their predecessors of the Greek culture (Bonner 1). Roman education, however, is only a reflection of the Greek education system. Ancient Roman education tactics differ from the education methods used by Ancient Greek instruction. Nevertheless, these two different approaches contain many similarities. Although the Romans made an effort toRead MoreGreek Education V.S Roman Education6248 Words   |  25 PagesDifferences: Ancient Greece vs. Ancient Rome Many qualities of the Ancient Roman civilization were undoubtedly borrowed from their predecessors of the Greek culture (Bonner 1). Roman education, however, is only a reflection of the Greek education system. Ancient Roman education tactics differ from the education methods used by Ancient Greek instruction. Nevertheless, these two different approaches contain many similarities. Although the Romans made an effort to reproduce the style of education maintainedRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art, writing, and thought, that roughly lasted between 1300 to 1600. 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Sony vs Toshiba free essay sample

Why did both Sony and Toshiba perceive it to be so important to get an early lead in sales? Based on past format wars, the trend had been winner takes all. With that in mind, Sony and Toshiba attempted to get as many early adopters as possible and secure early sales so that more people would recognize and buy their particular format over the other in the future. Whichever company achieved the quickest Jump start would see an accelerated demand for its format and hopefully lockout its competition, even though that did not end up being the case for the Sony and Toshiba format wars. 2. What strategies and assets enabled Sony to win the format war? Sony successfully executed many of the strategies that are needed to win the format war. They beat Toshiba to owning Columbia Pictures, MGM, Disney and Fox Studios, while Toshiba only ended up with Universal Studios committed to HD DVD. We will write a custom essay sample on Sony vs Toshiba or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sony continued to implement strategies that would help them sustain the competitive advantage over Sony. They then introduced Blu-Ray to its gaming consoles and laptops. To further increase the supply of Blu-Rays, Sony licensed the format to other consumer electronics firms. By licensing their product to others, it made the Blu-Ray player more available to customers, thus causing companies to make more products in their format. 3. What might Toshiba have done that might have led to a different outcome? If Toshiba would have been more proactive in attempts to line up film studios to commit to issuing discs for HD DVD and licensed their format at to other electronics firms, they could have seen Just as much success as Sony. They limited the sales of the format by preventing it from being easily accessible to customers. Or Toshiba ould have done extensive RD to come out with a gaming console, or other type of electronic device that could be compatible with the HD DVD graphics instead of battling Sony directly in acquiring studio films. . The companies that developed first generation DVD technology decided not to compete on technology, instead harmonizing their technology under the auspices of the DVD Forum. Why do you think they chose a different approach this time around? By allowing the DVD Forum to do the actual leg work of developing the technology of the companies product it may mean better quality and less chance of technology efect/failure, but it also means payments of royalti es. These royalties to the DVD Forum in turn, lower profit margin. By choosing the approach of keeping the creation of the Blu-ray and HD DVD player internal, each company can reap 100% of the revenue. Also, the shift from VHS to DVD was a technological paradigm shift, whereas the shift from DVD to ultimately an improved DVD player is only a technological improvement. There is much more risk involved in a paradigm shift, because little is known about the new technology trying to be implemented and there is no past istory or past knowledge to rely on. However, this time around each company technology field, so decided to save the money that would paid to the DVD forum and create the technology themselves. 5. What are the risks associated with fighting a format war like this? The risks of fighting a format war are that there is little to no compromising with the competitor. It is very difficult for both competitors to win. Fighting a format war also entails making very risky decisions, and beating the competitor to it. One missed opportunity could ultimately be the downfall of your product.

Native Son By Right Essays (2504 words) - Native Son, Richard Wright

Native Son By Right Richard Wright marked the beginning of a new era in black fiction. He was one of the first American writers of his time to confront his readers with the effects of racism. Wright had a way of telling his reader about his own life through his writing. He is best known for his novel, Native Son, which is deeply rooted in his personal life and the times in which he lived. This paper will discuss this outstanding American writer, his highly acclaimed novel, Native Son, and how his life influenced his writing. Richard Nathaniel Wright, was born on September 4, 1908 in Roxie, Mississippi. His father was a sharecropper and his mother a schoolteacher. In search for better employment his father moved the family to Memphis, Tennessee. While in Memphis, his father worked as a night porter in a hotel and his mother worked as a cook for a Caucasian family. Shortly after their move to Memphis, Wright's father deserted his family. His mother then tried to find any work she could find to support her family. Then, at the age of seven his mother became ill and was unable to financially support her family. As a result, the family had to move to Jackson, Mississippi to live with relatives. Wright remained in Jackson until 1925 (Walker, 13). In 1925, Wright left Jackson and headed as far as his money could take him, and that was Memphis, Tennessee. Memphis was the exact same city in which his father had taken his family to find a better life and where he abandoned them. Wright's first trip to Memphis ended in disappointment, desertion, and deprivation. While there Wright found work as a messenger for an optical company. He lived in Memphis for approximately two years. During that time, he witnessed the deep and violent South which eventually would permanently scar him for life. Margaret Walker wrote: I am convinced that the best of Richard Wright's fiction grew out of the first nineteen years of his life. All he ever wrote of great strength and terrifying beauty must be understood in this light. His subjects and themes, his folk references and history, his characters and places come from the South of his childhood and adolescence. His morbid interest in violence-lynching, rape, and murder-goes back to the murky twilight of a southern past. Out of this racial nightmare marked with racial suffering, poverty, religious fanaticism and sexual confusion emerge the five long stories in Uncle Tom's Children. (Walker 43) The violent impression of Southern racism marked Wright's personality and literature. As a result, he would spend his entire life struggling to express the importance for men to reject the stereotypic notions of race, class, creed, or any other prejudice and to accept human value that honor the human spirit and release intelligence. It was Wright's first nineteen years in the South that opened up his most powerful and passionate writing (Walker 43). In 1927, at the age of nineteen Wright migrated to Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, Wright found a job a as Post Office Clerk and at the same time he continued to self-educate himself by reading books, magazines, and newspapers. While in Chicago he became interested in Communism Issues. The interest came as a result of his concern with the social roots of racial oppression. In 1932, Wright joined the Communist party. He was a party activist in Chicago and New York. Wright's involvement with the Communist party became the subject of most of his fiction writings. After he broke away from the party his writings were centered around it. Wright's years in Chicago are often considered his maturation years, which were years of growing maturity and preparing for an illustrious future (Metzger 608). Wright's career as a writer basically began in the 1930's. In 1930, he wrote his first novel, Lawd Today. His novel, Lawd Today, however was not published until after his death. His first published work was, Uncle Tom's Children: Five Long Stories, which consists of stories that attack the racial discrimination and bigotry that Wright encountered as a youth. Throughout Wright's career he published many outstanding works. Among his works included: five novels, two autobiographies, two books of short stories, four nonfiction books and one collection of essays. Wright's major influence began when he published, Native Son , in 1940. Richard Wright's most notable and highly acclaimed novel is Native Son. Richard Wright contemplated for a while before he decided to write a novel in which a Negro, Bigger Thomas, would become a symbolic figure

Used both Hardball by Chris Matthews and The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

Used both Hardball by Chris Matthews and The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli Good government is defined by the competing values of efficiency and effectiveness and is dependent on quality leadership. Niccolo Machiavelli's treatise, The Prince and Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows the Game, written by journalist and commentator, Chris Matthews are two books that explain the art of leadership from a political perspective. The Prince was initially published posthumously in 1531-1532. While working for the Soderini government, Machiavelli began to analyze his experiences and observations. His analysis was based on his thoughts on human behavior, leadership, and foreign policy which later laid the foundation for The Prince. The Prince was written after Machiavelli had spent approximately six months imprisoned for conspiracy against the Medici government. The final chapter of The Prince concludes with Machiavelli's appeal to the Medici government to supply Italy with a new and ideal prince. The Prince was never extensively read during Machiavel li's lifetime, but rather after his death in 1527.own work, gfdlMatthews is well known for his syndicated column in the San Francisco Chronicle, numerous best selling books, and the television show titled Hardball with Chris Matthews, which is currently televised on MSNBC daily.In the introduction of The Prince, Machiavelli dedicates the treatise to Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de' Medici as evidence of his devotion and states that he possess nothing more valuable than his knowledge of government and hopes it is enough to please him. Without mentioning his hopes of regaining a diplomatic position for the Medici government, Machiavelli states that from his observations he is able to reveal the methods of becoming both an effective and well-respected ruler in order to aid the Medici government. Machiavelli's analysis in The Prince describes characteristics he recommends for the ideal Prince. Matthews defines Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who...

Challenges Faced By Social Entrepreneurs In India

Challenges Faced By Social Entrepreneurs In India India achieved an average growth rate of 7.7% from 2002-07; however the dividends of this growth have not trickled down to the bottom of the pyramid (Planning Commission of India 2007). According to UNICEF, 42% of India’s population is below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day (UNICEF 2005).   [ 1 ]   India’s Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) aims to reduce the head-count ratio of consumption poverty by 10 percentage points. However, to solve complex problems such as poverty the government, business and citizen sector need to work together and create innovative solution to pressing problems. In fact, Indian government has recognized the positive impact of citizen sector and has provided increasing levels of funding, under the five-year plans. It is estimated that India has 1.2 million to 1.5 million Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operating currently. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the legal, tax and regulatory challenges faced by soc ial enterprises and recommends policy action. The paper is organized as follows: Section II puts forward a definition for social entrepreneur; Section III features two pioneering social entrepreneurs; Section IV focuses on the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs in India; and Section V provides recommendations to counter these challenges. II. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR Social entrepreneurs are not the creation of the modern society. Historically, individuals and groups have combined the concept of entrepreneurship with social value creation to transform a current state of ‘unjust equilibrium’ for a targeted group of society (Roger and Osberg 2007). For example, Florence Nightingale built the foundation for the modern nursing profession at a time when nursing was not considered a respectable profession and lacked any codes, ethics and formal training. Further, this phenomenon was not limited to the developed world even the developing world had its share of so cial innovators. In 1920s, Jamnalal Bajal, founding father of a successful Indian enterprise Bajaj Group   [ 2 ]   , popularized the importance of business ethics and launched social initiatives to eradicate the malice against ‘untouchables’ in Indian society. While social entrepreneurs have existed throughout history, the concept of social entrepreneurship is a relatively recent one. Drawing from social entrepreneurship literature, following are five key components of the concept: (1) creating social value that transforms the lives of those who lack the capacity to change the social and economic ecosystem (2) recognizing and capitalizing on the opportunity embedded in the current state of affairs (3) innovating and dislodging the present system of doing things (4) willing to take risk in this process and undeterred by scarcity of resources (5) forging a new, stable equilibrium that uplifts the lives of the targeted group and expanding this cycle to other geographic al locations (Peredo and McLean 2006) (Roger and Osberg 2007) (Bolton and Thompson 2004). Having emphasized the social entrepreneurs of the past, it is fitting to draw attention to their modern counterparts. III. SUCCESS STORIES OF INDIAN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS Vikram Akula, SKS Microfinance In 2006, Vikram was named by TIME Magazine as one of the world’s 100 most influential people and was awarded Social Entrepreneur of the Year by Schwab Foundation. Vikram recognized that the traditional banking institutions in India failed to reach out to millions of poor due to lack of collateral and high transaction cost; forcing the poor to be trapped in the vicious cycle of small debt-heavy interest by exploitative money lenders.

Extended Self and Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Extended Self and Consumerism - Essay Example For example, some of us are focused on personal comfort and buy cars; some other people want to collect money or some trifles to satisfy their aesthetic desires, needs and wants. It is possible to claim that Oscar Wilde's main characters were often considered about their appearance to the greatest extent. These ideas are relevant to the modern context, because they underline that people appreciate their appearance and buy the objects of art, luxury or jewelry just to look good. In other words, people create their own images by means of different products and objects. To correlate the principles of consumerism with our daily behaviors in the market, it is necessary to have a strong theoretical background and up-to-date empirical material. The works by Belk (1988) and Goffman (1990) are illustrated by blogs of the consumers in the Internet. Consumerism and Blogs Belk claims that "if involuntary loss of possessions causes a loss of self, one of the primary reactions following such loss should be an attempt at self-restoration. This phenomenon has been observed in psychoanalysis and has led to the hypothesis that, along with body loss, object loss is the fountainhead of creativity" (Belk, 1988). Therefore, we can claim that the things we own reflect our inner stability. We are well-balanced personalities in case we feel all right and feel our ability to buy a thing or object we want. It sounds like individuals are not complicated individuals. We do not need much, but we want much. Now, when there is a perfect opportunity to share your aspirations with the global community, we are pleasantly sharing this opportunity and use this chance perfectly. When we buy pets, very often we subconsciously chose those breeds, which will look like us. We extend our selves in our dogs; we want to become their masters and parents at the same time. In one blog post there was a commentary about a similar nature of a dog and a master of a dog: "We spend money on our dogs,  pampering them with fancy collars and toys.   Investing in our pets has become a part of being a pet owner, and it speaks of our morals as pet owners.   If someone refuses to take their sick pet to the vet it’s similar to declining to take a child to the doctor" (The Extended Self). From this perspective pets are associated with our desire to nourish ourselves, or extended part of us as much as we want.    On the basis of several blog posts by Chinese consumers we will talk about correlation between the extended self and intentions of buyers to get some products or goods. A purpose of modern blogs can be considered as a means for consumer culture promotion. Cyberspace is a modern plane for promotion of desires and interests of the customers in some goods. Blog is a unique means for self-expression online. It is a kind of a modern diary, which can include up-to-date photos and music. Incomes and urban consumer culture is being developed at a full pace in China. Of course, it is mo re natural of women to update their information about blogs if they talk about their purchases. Thus, "Jessie† updates the world on her blog about new additions to her private closet, and discusses her favorite possessions ranging from a pair of Converse shoes to Abercrombie shirts. She writes about what she already has and laments what she could not afford to have" (Xin Zhao, Belk 2007). On the one hand, this girl does not have any problems and she can

The market and Krispy Kreme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The market and Krispy Kreme - Essay Example The paper tells that a worldwide doughnut company was born in an old building on July 13, 1937. Krispy Kreme was established in Winston-Salem, North Carolina by Vernon Rudolph. Then just a store, Krispy Kreme used a classified recipe for yeast-raised doughnuts. Because of the very appealing aroma of freshly cooked doughnuts, mere passers-by would inquire to ask if they can have an order of the freshly cooked treat. With such request from customers, Rudolph then put a hole on an outside wall of the store to make the fresh and hot Krispy Kreme doughnut more accessible to its buyers. Most of the time, it is the product’s consistency whether in taste or in quality that appears to be the problem. Krispy Kreme is not an exemption to this inconsistency. For the company to be able to hurdle over this hindrance in quality, Krispy Kreme constructed a mixing plant and a distributing system that will deliver the perfect Krispy Kreme doughnut mix. The company did not just bring an original yeast-raised doughnut to the market but also a technology that will increase product consistency in its stores. The 1940s and 50s were the decades that Rudolph and his equipment engineers created Krispy Kreme’s own doughnut-making machineries. Even if the company was just starting to expand its market across the state, it was pretty obvious that Vernon Rudolph cared about the quality of the products that his company will be giving out to its market. This proves that the company is putting their customers first and not just the amount of money the company can make. As long as the customers are happy, the satisfaction that the doughnuts are bringing to its patrons will equate to the company’s well-earned income. The quality consistency hurdle was surpassed by the company. Although, it was considered as a challenge since Krispy Kreme was just starting its ground on broader market, the problem was properly addressed by Rudolph and a contingency plan was made to ensure tha t the public and the patrons of the products will get the quality products that they deserve. Delivering the mixture on a daily basis increased the expenses of the company. To cut the expenses being brought by the regular transportation of the mixture, Rudolph together with his equipment engineers developed Krispy Kreme’s own doughnut-making machineries. It was a wise marketing strategy in ensuring the quality of the products that are being produced by the different stores and still be able to achieve the desired profit out of the stores. A decade was dedicated to further develop and systematize the whole doughnut-making process (KrispyKreme.Com, 2009; David & Musa, 2008, p. 26). The first international Krispy Kreme store was opened on December 2001 in Canada near Toronto. The company further expanded its market to Australia and Europe in 2003. Asia, Southern America and the Middle East were the next markets that the doughnut company explored. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (KKD) was able to expand their markets in 5 continents in less than a decade. KKD has a total of 123 stores in 5 continents by the 28th of January 2007. Two hundred thirty nine KKD factory stores and 33 satellite stores were operating giving a total of 272 stores nationwide (KrispyKreme.Com, 2009; David & Musa, 2008, p. 27). KKD then focused more on the markets in Asia and the Middle East. Demographically, KKD perceives that these 2 locations will be more favorable for its products. Asia and the Middle East have high consumptions of sweet goods which will work pretty well for the company’s signature products. It has also been noted that Western products have high popularity in these Eastern locations. The future success of KKD in these places given the fore mentioned facts appears to be very promising (David & Musa, 2008, p. 27). The Asian and Middle East markets is showing very good potential with regards to KKD’s success. There is one market that the company

Global Health Care Challenges Essay -- World Health Organization, Poor

When analyzing the global health care crisis, one should pay particular attention of the problem from both the macro and micro scale. Overlooking either side of the issue wastes both valuable time and resources during an era that cannot afford such loss. Some argue that health care is a fight that politicians must win to enact change. Others say the crisis is simply another economic matter that will eventually resolve itself under the theories of supply and demand. When we look at these explanations without seriously considering the issues that arise in the microcosm, we expose ourselves to moral hazard. In Banker to the Poor (1), Nobelaureate Muhammad Yunus describes how a great deal of change can result from looking at the problem from a smaller perspective. A Lack of Labor In 2006, the World Health Organization released a report that assessed the global health workforce and concluded that the health care crisis was in part due to the lack of health care workers in many regions around the world. It is important to note that the WHO report defines health workers as individuals who act with the intent of improving health. This means that even a mother caring for a sick child is essentially a health worker. However, the WHO report recognizes the difficulty in drawing accurate conclusions from this broad definition and decided to hone in on two special types of health care workers. An example in the report compares a doctor working for a mining company and a painter working in a hospital. Ultimately, the report concludes that it would be best to count the two as health care workers, the doctor providing direct services and the painter providing indirect services. This definition assumes that without the support of the ... ...ever, even an increase for funds dedicated to health care is insufficient to meet the MDGs. Short-term and long-term plans must be implemented in both the micro and macro scale of the problem to ensure an even distribution of resources. Focused surge of health workers into key regions over time and improved access to information are both powerful solutions that will make all the difference within a few years. As Muhammad Yunus said, â€Å"my greatest challenge has been to change the mindset of people. Mindsets play strange tricks on us. We see things the way our minds have instructed our eyes to see.† Similarly, a lack of information has given many people certain mindsets that often lead them to become prone to illness. Information is practically free; why not distribute it to those who would benefit from its presence the most and save something as precious as a life.

Trend in Heritage Tourism

Are the trends in Heritage tourism having an effect on world Heritage sites? | | Abstract Using in depth secondary research this paper aims to examine the impacts of heritage tourism to various heritage sites in terms of potential threats and opportunities associated with tourism development and growth. In addition there will be an analysing of the research methodologies used in order to identify theoretical framework surrounding area of study to clarify the outcomes of results.With effective management and planning heritage tourism can contribute to the local economy as well as the preservation and restoration of the historical monuments at the same time connecting the local culture, which represents a significant period of human history, with global cultures. Although benefits of this type of tourism do exist there are various issues apparent at numerous historical sites. This study focuses on the concept of sustainability in terms of understanding the implications of tourism to bu ilt heritage and its surroundings. nd the local culture, as well as to the development of the communities if planning and management is that dwell therein in terms of planning and management in order to restore, preserve historical monuments at the same time understand Abstract Using in depth secondary research this paper aims to examine the impacts of heritage tourism to various heritage sites in terms of potential threats and opportunities associated with tourism development and growth. In addition there will be an analysing of the research methodologies used in order to identify theoretical framework surrounding area of study to clarify the outcomes of results.With effective management and planning heritage tourism can contribute to the local economy as well as the preservation and restoration of the historical monuments at the same time connecting the local culture, which represents a significant period of human history, with global cultures. Although benefits of this type of to urism do exist there are various issues apparent at numerous historical sites. This study focuses on the concept of sustainability in terms of understanding the implications of tourism to built heritage and its surroundings. nd the local culture, as well as to the development of the communities if planning and management is that dwell therein in terms of planning and management in order to restore, preserve historical monuments at the same time understand | | | Introduction A catalyst for poverty alleviation, tourism is considered to be one of the world’s largest industries, as it acts as a key driver for development through foreign exchange earnings and the formation of direct and indirect employment WTO (2012, a).Tourism contributes 5% of the world’s GDP and accounts for 6% of the world’s exports in services, making it the fourth largest export sector after fuels, chemicals and automotive products. Tourism is accountable for 235 million jobs or one in every 12 jobs globally (WTO 2012, a). With a record of 705 million tourists up to August 2012, global tourism is to rise to 1billion by the end of 2012(WTO, 2012, b). In 2007, cultural tourism accounted for 40% of all international tourism (Mintel, 2010).These results produced are highly adequate as they directly came from WTO whom monitors the trends of tourism and provide an up to date statistic analysis in a timely mode in order understand the affects and impacts of tourism on a global level. The results from Mintel can be considered reliable as information was influenced by organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tourism committee whom activity aims at promoting the culture of evaluation in tourism.As the growth in tourism can help sustain cultural heritage sites, but has severe consequences, since immense growth can affect the configuration of cultural sites and monuments as they are becoming heavily congested by tourist. Discussions and analysis of key theories a nd interpretation of research methods Heritage mainly represents the past and the future, its meaning is associated with the word in heritance which basically explains when something is passed from one generation to the next generation. Heritage acts as a carrier of historical values from the past, which can be viewed as part of the cultural tradition.Therefore the linkage between heritage and tourism exist by reconstructing the past in the present through interpretation i. e. cultural brokers (Nuryanti,1996). Heritage tourism is a form of special interest tourism (Nuryanti,1996). Heritage can be a form of living or built elements of culture which has intangible or tangible features such as buildings, locations, cuisines and arts and crafts (Timothy and Nyaupane, 2009). The academic adapted these view by exploring various tourism related journals. This may be reliable as they are peer viewed by other academics and experts round the area of study.This type of research method can help when trying to understand a specific study area before it can progress to any other research methods. However journals may not be able to answer a specific question that needs to be investigated as it has been created around the academics particular area of study, answering questions that the academics are particularly researching or investigating around. According to Zepal and Hall (1991) heritage tourism motivations are based on ‘’nostalgia for the past and the desire to experience diverse cultural landscapes and forms†.This quote may not be factual but rather the author’s perspectives as the postmodern tourist may have influence by other motives. The motives to visit cultural historical sites were influenced by having a curiosity in history, visiting cultural attractions/events and visiting a historical attractions/events (Kolar and zabkar,2010 cited in Swarbrooke,1999). Cultural motivations can give an idea of what precedes authentic experiences (Kolar and zabkar,2010). This information was obtained by the means of conducting a survey on 25 Romanesque heritage sites in four European countries.The results identified that cultural motivation is significant subsequent of both object-based and existential authenticity, which in turn influences tourist perceptions. Although surveys can be gathered quickly and administered easily, response rates can be bias as the results of a survey are randomly sampled, normally used to target a selective of participants. Furthermore the results were only generalizing on specific heritage settings. This makes it difficult to identify if tourists have similar experiences and perceptions in other heritage settings.An idea of the motivations and behaviours of heritage tourists are, essential if the impacts on heritage sites are to be managed sustainably (Kolar and zabkar, 2010). Heritage tourism can create employment, alleviate poverty, curb rural flight migration, and increase community empowerment. Th e dynamic characteristics of tourism can contribute to preserving and enhancing intangible and tangible cultural heritage. However Intangible and tangible cultural assets whether it is built or a living must be analyzed and managed well in order to flourish in an increasingly globalized world.However this relies on stake holder’s involvement such as the partnerships between communities and the tourism and heritage industries. This is because the genuine appreciation for the aspirations and values of all parties can influence the survival of heritage tourism (UNWTO, 2012). This information can be considered as accurate as UNWTO monitor cultural tourism activities and are able to understand the implications of tourism through observations of tourist flows and tourism developments in various heritage sites, in addition working with various stake holders and tourism departments.UNESCO adopted the convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage site s in 1972(Garrod and Fyall, 2009). Since then there has been 936 designated world heritage sites located in 159 states party. The aim of the convention is to â€Å"ensure the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value† (Garrod and Fyall, 2009 cited in UNESCO, 2008:2).The information produce can be considered accurate as it was obtained from UNESCO published documents which is based on factual information rather than ones opinion. However it has been debated that the world Heritage listings has had an influenced in the increase in visitor numbers to world heritage sites. Considerable growth in tourist interest has been distinguished as a driving aspect in latest world heritage selections (Landorf 2009 cited in Jones & Munday, 2001). This information was conducted by observations of tourist movements to six heritage sites in the UK.However as this type of research gathered is a form of observation it may be considered as a genuine approach as visitors do not notice that they are being watch so they would act to their normal nature. This approach allows you to understanding certain tourist’s behaviour patterns which can be based on Mathieson and Wall (1982) consumer buying behaviour model. The research associated with the Mathieson and Wall (1982) consumer buying behaviour model can be considered out dated as it does not look into the current perspectives of geographical approaches to understanding consumer behaviour.A more current consumer behaviour model will need to be adapted in order to understand today’s tourists as they may differ from the past tourists. Tourism might place stress on world heritage sites which growth, is intensified by which contradicts the standards at the core of the World Heritage Convention, which emphasis that world heritage sites should maintain a function in current community life at the same time b eing preserved for transmission to future generations (UNESCO, 1972, b).In this case it is a vital issue that tourism activities should be sustainable in order to allow sites that gain world heritage status to maintain their status (Garrod & Fyall, 2000). The information was conducted using desk top research. This information may be bias as it is based on expert’s personal opinions. Tourism may not be the best solution for the development of heritage sites unless planning is involved. Heritage tourism can influence community developments. For example Wadi Al-Hitan in Egypt, witnessed small scale developments by local communities supplying most of the services available to the visitor’s experiences.Management of the heritage site worked closely with locals of the site to develop their capacity in regards to the site but also with regards to developing their skills for providing these services to the tourists i. e. tour guides. A positive outcome has been associated with this is economic development of local communities due to well-planned tourism at Wadi Al Hitan. The Canaima National Park in Venezuela and Shiretoko in Japan are other examples of sites that also demonstrate good methods for community involvement and collaboration and hence development of heritage sites (Borges et al, 2011).This information was collected by taking notes from the interviews from experts in this area of study. Interviews are very effective if conducted using appropriate questions in order to get an instant answer to your questions raised. This method of research is beneficial as it can validate information that already exists. The results for this interview did indicate that there are some positive outcomes for heritage tourism if managed well, however stakeholders will have to involve to community for it to be successful.Although tourism is normally honoured for being able to reconcile conservation and development goals in or near protected areas, there are existing negative impacts that are affecting world heritage sites status. For example Machu Picchu in Peru faces pressure from 900,000 annual tourists who visit the ancient Inca city. The tourists place a threat on the ecological integrity, physical body and cultural authenticity of the world heritage site and surrounding areas, including the Inca Trail (Larson and Poudyal, 2012).Information was influenced by Andean tour operators. As they are recognised tour operator this type of research approach is good, as they will have connections with other tourism related institutions in order to understand what is going on in particular countries in terms of tourist flows and impacts to particular destinations which they may be operating in. UNESCO has previously warned about uncontrolled access at Machu Picchu in Peru and advised the authorities to make conservation a priority (BBC news, 2012).This information was gather from the BBC news is reliable as news is a source which is most current and u p to date with worldwide issues. Due to immense tourism developments at heritage sites planning strategies are essential in order to control tourism (Hall, 2008). For a plan to be successful it needs to implement an effective planning approach which is vision and goal oriented, integrative, market driven, resource driven, consultative and systematic (Hall,2008). However Simpson (2001) identified that specific examples of community involvement in the planning process hardly exist.Environmental and economic objectives are more notional than social objectives, creating problematic process as the three dimensions as they are not being equally treated (Agyeman & Evans, 2003). Figure one illustrates the process in which sustainable tourism should be managed at heritage sites. Through sustainability soft and hard visitor management techniques have been implemented at various heritage sites in order to control and monitor visitor flows cooper et al, 2005. This information was obtained by ob serving the visitor management techniques implemented at the Great Wall of China.In this case this is a good method as the results give an understanding of what management techniques effective for heritage sites. Source: (Larson and Poudyal, 2012) Source: (Larson and Poudyal, 2012) Conclusion It is evident that academics in this area of study heavily rely on qualitative research in order to discover their answer. This may be that due to the nature of heritage tourism, the best way to understand the area is by identifying what motivates tourist to this type of tourism and what are the implications, opportunities and solutions in order to sustain heritage tourism.These types of questions may need to be answered by tourists that participate in this type of tourism and stake holders involved. In this way it can be said that the reason why surveys, interviews and observation methods might be used is to investigate specifically in detail answers that may not be found conducting desk top r esearch, due to the limitations of areas that are specifically studied around a particular academics research. However institutions such as the WTO, OECD use quantitative and qualitative, methods in order measure and monitor progress and direct actions related to tourism related impacts, threats and opportunities.It can be recommended that academics use both qualitative and quantitative research in order to develop well detailed and effective results around the area of study. Overall it is clear from the study that in order for heritage tourism to be preserved sustainability is the key concept surrounding the phenomenon. Tourists, Stake holders, communities and tourism institutions are equally involve in achieving sustainability in world heritage sites as they each have an effect on the outcomes of its survival in terms of future developments. References Agyeman, J. & Evans, T. (2003). Toward sustainability in urban communities: Building equal rights with sustainable solutions. Anna ls of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. 590. pp 35–53. BBC news, (2012) Machu Picchu: Peru unveils plans for new airport. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-latin-america-19353660 [Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] Borges,A. M. ,Carbone,G. ,Bushell,R. and Jaeger,T. (2011) Sustainable tourism and natural World Heritage. Switzerland: IUCN Gland, Switzerland Cooper,C. ,Fletcher,J. ,Fyal,A. , Gilbert,D. & Wanhill,S. 2005)Tourism principles and practice. Essex: Pearson education limited Garrod, B. , & Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(3). pp 682–708. Garrod,B. and Fyall,A. Contemporary cases in Tourism. Volume 1. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited. In UNESCO (2008) World Heritage. Availble at:http://whc. unesco. org/en/list/514 Garrod, B. , & Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(3). pp 682–708. *Hall, C. M. (2008). Tourism planning. Policies, processes a nd relationships, Harlow, Pearson Education LimitedKolar,T. and zabkar,V. (2010) A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing. 31 (5) October. pp. 652–66. In Swarbrooke, J. (1999) The development and management of visitor attractions. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, Kolar,T. and zabkar,V. (2010) A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing. 31 (5). October. pp 652–664 Larson,R. L. and Poudyal,C. N. (2012) Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. 0(7). pp 917-938 Landorf ,C. ( 2009) Managing for sustainable tourism: a review of six cultural World Heritage Sites. 17(1). pp53-70. In Jones, C. , & Munday, M. (2001). Blaenavon and United Nations World Heritage Site status: Is conservation of industrial heritage a road to local economic development? Regional Studies. 35(6). pp 585–590. Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Harlow: Longman. Mintel (2010) Cultural and Heritage Tourism – International. Available at:http://academic. mintel. om/display/482710/? highlight=true[Accessed:2nd December, 2012] Nuryanti,W. (1996) HERITAGE AND POSTMODERN TOURISM. Annalr of Tourirm Research. 23 (2) pp. 249-260, Simpson, K. (2001). Strategic planning and community involvement as contributors to sustainable tourism development. Current Issues in Tourism, 4(1). pp 3–41. Timothy, J. D. and Nyaupane, P. G. 2009 Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional Perspective. Oxon: Routledge UNWTO (2012) Tourism and Intangible Cultural Heritage. Available at: http://ethics. unwto. rg/en/content/tourism-and-intangible-cultural-heritage[Accessed: 3rd December,2012] UNESCO. (1972). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. Paris: UNESCO. WTO (2012 a) Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. Avail able at: http://step. unwto. org/en/content/tourism-and-poverty-alleviation-1[Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] WTO (2012 b) International tourism strong despite uncertain economy. Available at. http://www2. unwto. org/en/press-release/2012-11-05/international-tourism-strong-despite-uncertain-economy[Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] Zeppal, H. and

US Punitive Expedition During the Mexican Revolution

Issues between the United States and Mexico began shortly after the beginning of the 1910 Mexican Revolution. With various factions threatening foreign business interests and citizens, US military interventions, such as the 1914 occupation of Veracruz occurred. With the ascendency of Venustiano Carranza, the United States elected to recognize his government on October 19, 1915. This decision angered Francisco Pancho Villa who commanded revolutionary forces in northern Mexico. In retribution, he began attacks against American citizens including killing seventeen aboard a train in Chihuahua. Not content with these attacks, Villa mounted a major assault on Columbus, NM. Attacking on the night of March 9, 1916, his men struck the town and a detachment of the 13th US Cavalry Regiment. The resulting fighting left eighteen Americans dead and eight wounded, while Villa lost around 67 killed. In the wake of this cross-border incursion, public outrage led President Woodrow Wilson to order the military to make an effort to capture Villa. Working with Secretary of War Newton Baker, Wilson directed that a punitive expedition be formed and supplies and troops began arriving at Columbus. Across the Border To lead the expedition, US Army Chief of Staff Major General Hugh Scott selected Brigadier General John J. Pershing. A veteran of the Indian Wars and Philippine Insurrection, Pershing was also known for his diplomatic skills and tact. Attached to Pershings staff was a young lieutenant who would later become famous, George S. Patton. While Pershing worked to marshal his forces, Secretary of State Robert Lansing lobbied Carranza into allowing American troops to cross the border. Though reluctant, Carranza agreed as long as US forces did not advance beyond the state of Chihuahua. On March 15, Pershings forces crossed the border in two columns with one departing from Columbus and the other from Hachita. Consisting of infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers, and logistical units, Pershings command pushed south seeking Villa and established a headquarters at Colonia Dublan near the Casas Grandes River. Though promised use of the Mexican Northwestern Railway, this was not forthcoming and Pershing soon faced a logistical crisis. This was solved through the use of truck trains which used Dodge trucks to ferry supplies the one hundred miles from Columbus. Frustration in the Sands Included in the expedition was Captain Benjamin D. Foulois First Aero Squadron. Flying JN-3/4 Jennys, they provided scouting and reconnaissance services for Pershings command. With a weeks head start, Villa dispersed his men into the rugged countryside of northern Mexico. As a result, early American efforts to locate him met with failure. While many of the local populace disliked Villa, they were more annoyed by the American incursion and failed to offer assistance. Two weeks into the campaign, elements of the 7th US Cavalry fought a minor engagement with Villistas near San Geronimo. The situation was further complicated on April 13, when American forces were attacked by Carranzas Federal troops near Parral. Though his men drove off the Mexicans, Pershing elected to concentrate his command at Dublan and focus on sending out smaller units to find Villa. Some success was had on May 14, when a detachment led by Patton located the commander of Villas bodyguard Julio CÃ ¡rdenas at San Miguelito. In the resulting skirmish, Patton killed CÃ ¡rdenas. The next month, Mexican-American relations suffered another blow when Federal troops engaged two troops of the 10th US Cavalry near Carrizal. In the fighting, seven Americans were killed and 23 captured. These men were returned to Pershing a short time later. With Pershings men searching in vain for Villa and tensions rising, Scott and Major General Frederick Funston began negotiations with Carranzas military advisor, Alvaro Obregon, at El Paso, TX. These talks ultimately led to an agreement where American forces would withdraw if Carranza would control Villa. As Pershings men continued their search, their rear was covered by 110,000 National Guardsmen that Wilson called into service in June 1916. These men were deployed along the border. With talks progressing and troops defending the border against raids, Pershing assumed a more defensive position and patrolled less aggressively. The presence of American forces, along with combat losses and desertions, effectively limited Villas ability to pose a meaningful threat. Through the summer, American troops battled boredom at Dublan through sporting activities, gambling, and imbibing at the numerous cantinas. Other needs were met through an officially sanctioned and monitored brothel that was established within the American camp. Pershings forces remained in place through the fall. The Americans Withdraw On January 18, 1917, Funston informed Pershing that American troops would be withdrawn at an early date. Pershing agreed with the decision and began moving his 10,690 men north towards the border on January 27. Forming his command at Palomas, Chihuahua, it re-crossed the border on February 5 en route to Fort Bliss, TX. Officially concluded, the Punitive Expedition had failed in its objective to capture Villa. Pershing privately complained that Wilson had imposed too many restrictions on the expedition, but also admitted that Villa had outwitted and out-bluffed [him] at every turn. Though the expedition failed to capture Villa, it did provide a valuable training experience for the 11,000 men who took part. One of the largest military American military operations since the Civil War, it provided lessons to be utilized as the United States inched closer and closer to World War I. Also, it served as an effective projection of American power which aided in halting raids and aggression along the border.