Difference Between British And South African English Language Essay

Difference Between British And atomic number 16 African incline Language EssayIntroductionI aim to establish idiomal features importance upon the English oral communication. This entrust occur through noniceing how dialectal features ar introduced into speech, crucial differences between British English and South African English, as easy as the possible differences in application of dialect into language. I aim to identify distinctive dialectal features in ordinary, colloquial speech, which are different to English speakers.A comparison of British English and South African English will enable differences to be shown. Within the speech, variables will affect the language choice, not always dialectal variables. These variables include age (adults and Children in the conversation), location of the speakers (where theyre from and location which they shortly dwell) as well as the tier of class which the speakers are from. I will focus upon South Africans (English speaking not A frikaans- the Lingua Franca), the visitation subjects are from the Cape Town rural area in South-west South Africa. Therefore, the South African test subjects should drive home many similarities to the British speaking English test subjects. As a consequence, I expect the main(prenominal) difference between the two sets of test subjects to be lexical due to them being English speaking. questionDialect differentiates language, forking location, class and separate social boundaries.The South African language is similar to the English language, a cosmopolitan, hybrid language, with lexis being drawn from many other languages and cultures. Officially there are 11 languages feeding into South African 1 from Dutch Afrikaans to English, providing dialectal spoken language such as the Afrikaaner intelligence Braai for barbeque. It is ofttimes that these words interlink into different languages with the meaning mirrored in the adopted language such as Dutch to Afrikaans lexis. This is obvious through words like Biltong (Afrikaans) and aardvark (Afrikaans) transferring to the English language.English is seen as a Lingua Franca in South Africa, not necessarily the dominant language spoken language, except instead a language which is a backup language which is always spoken in contexts where appropriate, for example, English is the international billet language, therefore the majority of business is conducted in English.As a consequence Afrikaans speakers subroutine English the lingua franca language use in Afrikaans-medium high schools in Pretoria account that they often used English words when speaking Afrikaans 2. Therefore showing the English languages dominance due to the ability to transfer into different languages. Therefore, itll be interesting to see if the South African language of 11 different languages and distinctive dialects transfers into the English language as seen with the transfer of French lexis such as Entrepreneur, quit or Cafe.Dialect s form through modification of standard of English, changing due to influences and situations. They are a form of expression, marking individualism or belong to a group e.g. social grouping such as level of class (Gentry, middle or working). As Peter Trudgill interprets dialects allow for recognition of area of growing up or current residence Other people will use this information to help them decide where we are from 3.This investigation aims to distinguish the differences of lexical variations, grammatical differences, approaches to speech, length of utterances, and use of taboo and non-fluency features.Data AnalysisThe speech is started off by statements (declarative) and questions (interrogative sentence mood), for example line one of the South African transcript Kieron (.) dinner time. The use of these sentence moods is the typical, standard of introduction for conversation. Furthermore both transcripts feature turn-yielding cues at the end of around half of sentences, atomic number 82 to the formation of adjacency pairs. Therefore, theres no difference between English and Confederate African English conversations over on how theyre introduced or ended suggesting this method is the standard, not fulfilling any aims of establishing dialectal differences.The main difference between the dialects of Southern Africa and an English Dialect is a high lexical variation. A clear example is the word robots used in Western South Africa to mean Traffic lights. This shows the use of different lexis to apply the same meaning as also seen through the adjectival Lekker to mean good or nice. Whereas the transcript shows the English dialect to use +degree adverbs intensifying the adjective the food is very burnt as debate to the Southern African these crunchies are lekker. The South African lexis doesnt rely upon intensifiers instead having stronger dialectal words to take the patch of two words, whereas the word Crunchies is a snatch of South African lexis for Fla pjack.Nouns have been used with inflections for both English speech and South African speech. Proper Nouns for both English and South African havent have the inflection of s with the exception of General motors which said singularly on its own. However, common nouns are varied in both English and in Southern African. Concrete nouns such as Takkies or Pants both feature the inflection of s, only concrete nouns like Lappie havent featured an inflection. This feature of spoken language is mirrored in the English transcript with concrete nouns such as apples crackers. This shows no difference between the South African and British English dialect in the application of inflections, not helping to solve the language investigation.Adjectives dont tend to have inflections such as suffixes added to them in either dialects. Both dialects lack suffixes such as -en to give adjectives a regional placer, helping to determine the area or social class from which the test subjects are in or reside f rom. The South African transcript uses adjectives such as slow pre-modifying nouns like any normal application of adjectives. Whereas, the English transcript also applies adjectives use e.g. well ridiculously cheap. This shows there is little if no difference between uses of adjectives between these two different dialects, suggesting it again to be the standard. As a consequence neither disproving nor proving a noticeable difference between the dialects.Whereas, adverbs are also similar with no real noticeable difference between the two different dialects. uncomplete dialects as discussed before seem to use suffixes onto the adverbs e.g. slowly. Adverbs have been used in both dialects as transcribed showing the adverbs to intensify or portray manner, place or time, as seen by ridiculously cheap. As seen before, this doesnt identify dialectal differences, meaning the aims fulfilled.However, there is a difference in pronoun structure between the two transcripts and dialects. The Engl ish dialect transcript focuses upon object personal pronouns e.g. i didnt know this, whereas the South African transcript mainly uses subject personal pronouns (I) (we). However, this may not be a dialectal difference due to being in different circumstances with them both being on different topics due to not being scripted. Therefore it neither confirms nor disproves dialectal differences in speech.The South African transcripts shows dynamic verbs used with past tense inflections of -ed as well as exemplify tense inflections of -e i lagged Whereas the English transcript also shows the use of dynamic verbs, but only in the past tense. Like the South African dynamic verbs, it portrays the action having already occurred. However, neither of these inflections are dialect specific, such as an Eastern English dialect of he walk. Therefore, this doesnt help to identify dialectal features in spoken language.The utterance length is higher in the English transcript on average as compared to the South African, suggesting dialect may affect length of utterance. However, there are more speakers (5) as compared to (4) within the South African discourse therefore it is more likely that each speaker will have a shorter duration of speech due to some form of interruption by another speaker. As a consequence, this hints that utterance length may be a dialectal feature however it is more likely to have been highly influenced by the amount of speakers. Therefore not really being a useful piece of data.The transcripts have recorded different features of non-fluency signifiers, showing that dialect may cause different non-fluency features. The South African transcript notes the high use of fillers and other parts of unscripted speech such as facework like the facilitive tag question youre lovely (.) arent you. voice filled pauses occur where the speaker responds, yet doesnt provide a very clear answer. Whereas the British English transcript shows quite a high use of false-starts and recycling in speech opposed the South African transcript. This clearly shows both dialects have certain non-fluency features however they vary and may just be partially dialect specific.It is obvious the main difference between these transcripts and dialects is lexical variation. This is not really surprising due to the South African test subjects being English spoken. English South Africa is tremendously influenced by western media i.e. American TV programs. The only real way to clarify these findings of dialect not being hugely different between British English and western South African is to undertake many more tests to see if there is reliability in the results or if it shows a broader theme as such.CUT = This conclusion is repeated through the use of negatives, where neither dialects show abnormal use of negatives, therefore not providing a noticeable difference, meaning no clear conclusion can be drawn from these results.

Essay --

St tear down NostiMrs. ManatosEnglish III14 January 2013Macbeth Issues of MasculinityThroughout the play Macbeth the male characters are constantly told to act like a populace or feel it as a earthly concern. It seems as if, through this play, Shakespeare is trying to convey a central message of how men should act. So thence the question is, How is the idea of manhood developed throughout the play Macbeth and what does Shakespeare think being a man means? In the play Macbeth, Shakespeares fire definition of manhood and the evolution of it can be seen in how Malcolm, a young boy, is told to mature and originate up to be a noble king, in how the Macbeth is told by his wife to be a man and kill Duncan, and lastly in how Macduff, the man of his household, has to punish his slaughtered family in order to have peace.To start saturnine with, Malcolm, who is young boy, is faced with the death of his father and being called a traitor of the realm. First, imagine how Malcolm feels. He knows that someone has killed his father, and that there is nothing in this world that could wager his father back to him. Also Malcolm is not stupid, he knows that the person who killed his father is mostly likely going to try and kill him next. Next, imagine how Malcolm feels having to run from the realm which he has called home since he was a babethe country that was supposed to be his when he grew up. Now in this moment Malcolm has to make a choice. get out I weep over my fathers death or will I rise up, be a man, and take back the muckle? Luckily for Malcolm the choice was easy, considering he had a wise man like Macduff on his side. As known to all who have read Macbeth, Malcolm chooses to be man and take back his fathers kingdom. However, he still ha... ...t best thing is to avenge his slaughtered family. This is the final quality that a man must bear according to Shakespeare. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeares interesting definition of manhood and the evolution of it c an be seen in how Malcolm, a young boy, is told to mature and grow up to be a noble king, in how the Macbeth is told by his wife to be a man and kill Duncan, and lastly in how Macduff, the man of his household, has to revenge his slaughtered family in order to have peace. Therefore, putting these together one can understand what it truly means to be a man. To be a man one must take the steps from boyhood to manhood. Once he is a man, he has to be tough and unbending. He must stick to his wordeven if its something tough to do. And lastly, a man must protect his familyand if he cannot he must avenge them. That is the true meaning of being a man.

The Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of GilgameshIn many literary works we see significant transitions in the heros geek as the story is developed. This is also true in the Epic of Gilgamesh with its hero, Gilgamesh. In this narrative poem, we get glimpses of who Gilgamesh is and what his purposes and goals are. We see Gilgamesh act in many different ship canal -- as an overbearing normal resented by his people, a courageous and strong fighter, a deflated, depressed man, and finally as a man who seems content with what hes accomplished. with all of these transitions, we see Gilgameshs attitude toward life change. The goals he has for his own life alter dramatically, and it is in these goals that we see Gilgameshs transition from being a shallow, ruthless ruler to being an introspective, content man. The epic begins with the men of Uruk describing Gilgamesh as an overly aggressive ruler. Gilgamesh leaves no son to his father day and night his outrageousness continues unrestr ained And he is the shepherd of Uruk, the enclosure He is their shepherd, and yet he oppresses them. Strong, handsome, and wise. . . Gilgamesh leaves no virgin to her lover.(p.18, Line 23-27) The citizens respect him, but they resent his sexual and physical aggression, so they offer to the gods to alleviate some of their burden. The gods resolve to create an equal for Gilgamesh to tame him and keep him in line. This equal, Enkidu, has an immediate impact on Gilgamesh. When they first meet, both having never in the lead met a man equal in stature, they brawl. They grappled with each other, Snorting like bulls They shattered the doorpost, that the wall shook.(p.32, lines 15-18) In giving Gilgamesh a real battle, Enkidu instantly changes him having this equal gives Gilgamesh a sense of respect for another man. These two men fighting each other creates a serious mess, but they both end up without animosity toward the other. The next time we see them, their friendship is concrete. Th ey kissed one another, And formed a friendship.(p.33, line 19-20) Gilgamesh seems to be the leader at the start of their relationship, and right away, he plans an adventure for them. In the forest dwells the terrible Huwawa. Let us, me and thee, kill him, And let us destroy all the evil in the land.(p. 34, line 96-98) Here, Gilgamesh reveals one sympathy that he wants to kill Huwawa - to destroy the evil in the land.

Tubing Essay -- Personal Narrative Descriptive Essays

Wiping the sleepies bring out of my eyes, I quickly glanced at my alarm clock 5 am. Good, Ive got tidy sum of time, I thought to myself. As quietly as possible, which never works when I am trying to, I quickly grabbed a bowl of grain for breakfast. Checking my list and grabbing my gear I headed out to wait for a taxi in the cool fading morning. I could taste the excitement, or was that the humidity?That twenty-four hours began like all the other missionary kid tubing trips down the Davao River in the Philippines, full of anxious anticipation and adventure. I was so excited you stool barely sleep the night before. My mom made sure I had everything I needed, worrying like only mothers know how. My friends and I were off from drill for Christmas break. The weather was perfect, having rained for almost three days straight. Two days before, while coming back from a dive trip, my friends and I decided we had better lease advantage of the heavenly gift of rain. Friday, Janu ary 4th, 2002 was the day we began our adventure an adventure of a life time.The nine of us ga thered at the Bangkerohan Jeepney terminal and loaded up. The integral way to Dominga, our shove-off point, we couldnt stop talking about the river. Everyone gave their report of the rivers they had crossed when coming to the terminal. Each and every time the jeepney passed over a bridge, crazy white-neck foreigners stuck their heads out like ostriches, straining to get a glimpse of the mad rushing river. The Davao River was of course dark brown, but thats the way it always was and we loved it.none of us could have asked for a better opportunity to tub the river. We knew it was high and some of us had tubed a flood before, but this flood was different, there was some... ...es, we were able to barter a ride back to Davao.We all reached our families somehow or another, which was a gift from God. What I contributed to peck earlier was not luck at all but the grace and mercy of God. How else could all nine of us, some experienced tubers and some rookies, survive the worst flood in thirty-one years. What took us several hours to tub down on a normal tubing trip took less than an hour. The Davao River usually runs at ten kilometers per hour (about vi miles per hour) but this time it was racing at a pace of twenty-two kilometers per hour (about fourteen mile per hour). The nightmarish song of the boulder sized rocks tintinnabulation beneath us as we tubed will forever be in my memory. God humbled and saved me from many things that day. Most importantly, he brought me appressed to Him and to my friends. It is forever etched into my memory.

Civil war Essay -- essays research papers

Causes & Results of the Civil WarThe Civil War, in U.S. history, was a conflict that pitted the labor unionern states of the American Union against the southern states. The war raged for 4 years (1861-65) and was marked by some of the fiercest military campaigns of new-fangled history. Large armies were involved in large movements, and entire populations were engaged in supporting the war efforts of both sides. The war had international impact, not solo because of the growing international stature of the United States, but also because war jeopardise world access to the Souths cotton. Britain and France had particular interest in the wars outcome, but other nations were also affected by it. The chief and immediate cause of the war was slavery. southerly states, including the 11 states that formed the Confederacy, depended on slavery to support their economy. Southerners used slave labor to produce crops, especially cotton. Although slavery was illegal in the Northern states, on ly a small proportion of Northerners actively opposed it. The main debate between the North and the South on the eve of the war was whether slavery should be permitted in the Western territories recently acquired during the Mexican War (1846-1848), including New Mexico, part of California, and Utah. Opponents of slavery were concerned about its expansion, in part because they did not want to get by against slave labor.By 1860, the North and the South had developed into dickens very different regions. Divergent social, economic, and political points of view, dating from colonial times, gradually drove the two sections farther and farther apart. Each tried to impose its point of view on the country as a whole. Although compromises had kept the Union together for many another(prenominal) years, in 1860 the situation was explosive. The election of Abraham Lincoln as president was viewed by the South as a threat to slavery and ignited the war.The second of the troika Ss that caused t he civil war was sectionalism. During the first half of the 19th century, economic differences between the regions increased. By 1860 cotton was the chief crop of the South, and it represented 57 percent of all U.S. exports. The profitability of cotton, known as King Cotton, completed the Souths dependence on the plantation system and its essential component, slavery.The North was by then firmly establi... ...al debates. As the 19th century closed, they faced a rigidly segregated life in the South and hostility crosswise most of the North.Despite the destruction, the war did settle the question of secession. Since 1861 no state has seriously considered withdrawing from the Union. In addition, the war brought slavery to an end. After the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, in that location was widespread acceptance of the fact that Union victory would mean general emancipation. Since the proclamation was a war measure that might be held unconstitutional later the war, the 1 3th Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished slavery, was passed by both houses of Congress early in 1865. It was ratified by three-fourths of the states and was formally proclaimed in effect on declination 18, 1865.The war also set the South back at least a generation in industry and agriculture. The invading armies devastated factories and farms. The labor system venomous into chaos. Not until the 20th century did the South recover fully from the economic effects of the war. In contrast, the North forged ahead with the building of a modern industrial state.

The Price System :: essays research papers

The Price SystemThe hurt ashes is a means of organizing economic activity. It does this by coordinating the decisions of consumers, producers, and owners of productive resources. Millions of economic agents who form no direct communication with each other are led by the expense governing body to supply each others wants. Every economic system has three functions. In a decentralized usually private enterprise economic system, the price mechanism is the instrument by which these functions are performed.Prices are an spirit of the consensus on the values of different things, and every society that permits exchanges among consumers has prices. Because prices are expressed in terms of a widely acceptable commodity, they permit a relation of the comparative values of various commodities--if shoes are $15 per pair and bread 30 cents per loaf, a pair of shoes is worth 50 loaves of bread. The price of anything is its value in exchange for a commodity of wide acceptability, money.A sys tem of prices exists because individual prices are related to each other. If, for example, metal rods cost 40 cents a pound and the process of drawing a rod into wire costs 25 cents a pound, then, if the price of wire exceeds 65 cents, it will be profitable to produce wire and if the price of wire falls below 65 cents, it will be ruinous to produce wire. Competition, therefore, will hold the price of wire about 25 cents per pound above that of rods. A variety of such economic forces ties the entire structure of prices together. One function of the price system is to determine what is to be produced and in what quantity. Even an ancient economy mustiness choose between food and shelter, weapons and tools, priests and hunters. In a modern economy the possible variety of goods and services that may be produced is immense. Consider simply the 10,000 new book titles that are published each year or the hundreds of colors of paint or the thousands of styles of clothing that are produced --each of these actual collections being much smaller than modern technology permits.The second function of the price system an economy must perform is to decide how the desired goods are to be produced. There is more than one way not only to skin a cow barely also to grow wheat, train lawyers, refine petroleum, and transport baggage. The efficient production of goods requires that certain obvious rules be followed no resource should be used in producing one thing when it could be producing something more valuable elsewhere and each product should be made with the smallest possible amount of resources.

Freedom of Choice in Steinbecks East of Eden Essay -- John Steinbeck

Our circumstances do not determine our lives. Instead, our lives are determined by our selects. That is not to say that our lives are not impacted by the country in which we were born, the family which we were born to, or the tragedies which touched our lives. We are given a choice of how we respond to those things, and the power of choice means that the lessons and value of our lives is not determined by outside influences, only when instead it is determined by our reaction to those influences. In the novel, East of Eden by John Steinbeck theorizes that all individuals have the freedom to make choices in suppose to triumph over evil. Steinbeck demonstrates this by his use of the volume timshel, the word, which translates to thou mayest, is used in the story of Cain and Abel in the Bible. God t... Freedom of Choice in Steinbecks East of Eden Essay -- John SteinbeckOur circumstances do not determine our lives. Instead, our lives are determined by our choices. That is not to say that our lives are not impacted by the country in which we were born, the family which we were born to, or the tragedies which touched our lives. We are given a choice of how we respond to those things, and the power of choice means that the lessons and value of our lives is not determined by outside influences, but instead it is determined by our reaction to those influences. In the novel, East of Eden by John Steinbeck theorizes that all individuals have the freedom to make choices in order to triumph over evil. Steinbeck demonstrates this by his use of the word timshel, the word, which translates to thou mayest, is used in the story of Cain and Abel in the Bible. God t...