Wednesday, July 8, 2020

Argumentative essay on interracial relationships - 1375 Words

Argumentative essay on interracial relationships (Essay Sample) Content: Bonface Ngalu Writ 101 Tutor 19 November 2013 Argumentative essay on interracial relationships The issue of interracial relationships is complex, diverse and complicated, thus forming fodder for debates in various sectors. People hold opinions on this subject, thus raising the question: Yesteryears and today are interracial still a taboo in the 21st century? Claim - Although it may appear that interracial relationships are becoming more prevalent and accepted today, people continue to hold many of the same prejudices that others have established over the decades. It is true that interracial relationships are more accepted, but many people do not believe that all races are equal and largely choose romantic relationships within their same race. The principle underpinning this claim stems from the concept of ethnicity and tribal alignment. Since people come from diverse backgrounds, the socialization process is different and highly determines and shapes peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s opinions on relationships, love and marriage. It is a widely accepted notion that couples are more comfortable in relationships with people of the same race. This is because they want to â€Å"multiply† their generation and extend their kinship ties. Therefore, coupling among people of the same race becomes easy since it is less complex and does not involve a lot of traditions and commitments. This argumentative essay seeks to provide evidence to support this claim. Reason 1: There are many hardships faced by couples in interracial relationships Evidence 1: The movie â€Å"Who’s coming to dinner† by Stanley Kramer clearly displays various scenes capturing the many hardships the people in interracial relationships experience. For instance, Joey’s father Matt Drayton is deeply offended with her relationship with a person from a race he considers as inferior. He goes on to tell Joy â€Å"over 100 million people in the country are likely to be shock ed, offended and appalled with her relationship. Further, he cautions her that the two of them will be forced to ride out for the rest of their lives because their relationship is not perceived well by the society† (Tristar Home Video n.p). This evidently depicts the challenges that people in interracial relationships endure to make it a success. Just like Joey, many couples of different races are perceived negatively up by the community since they have different backgrounds. However, relationships should not be pegged on race; instead couples should be given all the freedom to enjoy their union since there is a lot to gain in cultural diversity. Evidence 2: In the short story â€Å"Say yes† written by Tobias Wolff, a husband and his wife Ann are discussing on the significance of race when it comes to relationships and marriage. In the short story, the Ann argues that race should not be a factor when people are coming together as a couple. However, the husband disagr ees saying that race exceptionally significant. His sentiments are expressed in his words â€Å"how can one totally understand someone who comes from a different race† (Charters 874). The husband argues that whites should not intermarry with blacks because they will never understand each other since they come from different cultures. The story goes on to depict various arguments between the wife and her husband and the conversation ends prematurely. Ann is visibly angered with her husband’s sentiments and views of interracial marriage as expressed in the emotions she portrays. For instance, she pinches her lower eyebrows, carelessly washes the dishes, flips pages of a magazine loudly, and biting her lower lips. However, as the story closes, the husband is seen showing concern for his wife and apologizes for having an opposing view. He realized that he has hurt her feelings and promises to make up for it. He even confesses â€Å"I would marry you no matter what race you came from† (Charters 873). Thus, the two evidences above prove a critical point that couples in interracial relationships endure various challenges to survive. Furthermore, if the couple is not strong and principled, some may end separating as a result of societal pressure. Reason 2: Though widely accepted, interracial relationships are still considered abnormal Evidence 1: In the short story â€Å"Say yes† written by Tobias Wolff, which was published 18 years after Kramer’s film, various themes of interracial relationships are portrayed. Interracial relationships are still considered an emotive and divisive issue in society. In the story, Ann’s husband is believed to be harboring racist ideas behind closed doors. However, to the outside world, he is regarded as a caring and a great family man. When a neighbor enters the house, Ann’s husband is found bandaging her hand after she had been hurt, further, the husband head to the kitchen to conti nue cleaning dishes. In that sense, the neighbor thinks that Ann’s husband is so caring without prior knowledge of what had transpired before (Charters 876). However, Ann’s husband mentions the fact that white and blacks should not intermarry because they come from different cultures. The husband says â€Å"a person from their culture cannot understand a person from our culture† (Charters 875). The main theme in this story is superiority of one race over another in relationships. In spite of the fact that Ann tries to make his husband understand that all races are equal, he maintains his stand, thus indicating that interracial marriages will continue to face hostility. Evidence 2: In her article â€Å"Marriage, a history† Stephanie Coontz provides a historical analysis of the evolution of marriage since the 17th century till the present age. According to Coontz, enlightenment has brought about a whole new idea of marriage and love, thus making it an acc epted phenomenon. She states â€Å"in the older times parents used to make pre-arranged marriages for their children so as to fulfill the family’s emotional needs† (143). As a result of such arrangements, parents did not find partners for their children outside their race, hence trivializing the concept of racism. However, things changed during the 18th century because children became more enlightened. As a result, people are able to make â€Å"personal choices, thus replacing pre-arranged marriages and people were encouraged to marry for love and not money or any other reason† (Coontz 145-146). This development has revolutionized marriage as both the husband and wife take up a new role in the family. Reason 3: Racism will always be a common occurrence in interracial relationships. Evidence 1: In the movie â€Å"Who’s coming to dinner† by Stanley Kramer, the concept of racism is clearly demonstrated. Joey Drayton who comes from a liberal upper c lass American home find it extremely difficult to introduce her boyfriend John Prentice; a black person in her family. Joey’s parents Matt and Christina Drayton find openly reject John as their future son-inlaw because he is from a different race. During the dinner, that evening Matt says â€Å"you cannot completely understand a pers...

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Arizona Colleges and Universities Pursing Advanced Education in The Grand Canyon State 2019

With a 1,000% increase in population since 1940, Arizona is a popular location for students wishing to work and study. Surprise, AZ ranked number one on Money Magazines list of cities with the fastest job growth from 2000 to 2017. Throughout the state, Arizona colleges and universities provide quality training for a rapidly expanding labor market. Thanks to advanced technology, starting or advancing a career in The Grand Canyon State of Arizona is now easier than ever before. Prominent Arizona Industries Hire Graduates of Arizona Colleges and Universities Arizonas largest employer is the state government. However, a variety of industries contribute to the overall economy. Arizona college graduates can expect to find employment in industries, such as: Arizona Manufacturing. Arizona Construction. Arizona Tourism. Arizona High Technology Research and Development. Arizona Communications. Arizona Service Industries. Arizona College Graduates Enjoy a Healthy Local Economy Arizona enjoys a health economy with an unemployment rate well below the national average. The U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics offer several promising statistics for Arizona university students: The September, 2017 Arizona unemployment rate was 3%, compared to the national average of 4%. 2,858,100 people are employed in Arizona. The 2016 2017 Arizona median household income was $45,279. The state of Arizona has the 61st largest economy in the world. .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b:active, .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u2f411fde10e35bb51857d085f793b67b:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Master of Science in School Psychology Preventing Depression in School-Aged ChildrenArizona Financial Aid Programs Help More Students Attend Arizona Universities and Colleges Students attending Arizona universities and colleges can expect to find several sources of financial assistance that can be applied to Arizona schools, such as Kaplan University and University of Phoenix. The Arizona Commission for Postsecondary Education offers information on the following programs: Arizona Leveraging Education Assistance Partnership Grant. Arizona Private Postsecondary Education Student Financial Assistance. Federal Pell Grant for Arizona College Students. Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant for Arizona College Students. More information about attending Arizona colleges and universities is available through College-Pages.com, a leading education and career resource website. Prospective students will find links to Arizona degree programs and informative articles for making education and career decisions in the state of Arizona. Related ArticlesVirginia Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Virginia, the Old Dominion StateIowa Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Iowa, the Hawkeye StateNorth Dakota Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in North DakotaOklahoma Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Oklahoma, the Sooner StatePursuing Advanced Education in the Heartland of Dixie Alabama Colleges and UniversitiesNew Hampshire Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in New Hampshire .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da:active, .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u405656fcf56af8da6c51717bbda966da:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Rapid Growth of IT Businesses

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Greeks and...

The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Greeks and Romans Throughout history, society has placed a different value on physical education and sport. The purpose of physical education has changed over different time periods and as a result of ever-changing socio-cultural events. Some civilizations use the practice of physical education to prepare for war, some for profit, and some for a general all-around development. Three ancient cultures are of particular importance to development of physical education. The Athenian Greeks, the Spartan Greeks, and the Romans each had their own beliefs about the mind, body, and spirit. While these early civilizations valued physical development to varying degrees, they are all worthy of†¦show more content†¦A famous Greek epic, the Iliad, described the funeral games held in honor of Patroclus, Achilles friend who had been killed in the Trojan War (Lumpkin, 1990, p. 167). The men participated in a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, a footrace, a duel with spears, a discus throw, archery, and a javelin throw. Women had a very different role in Athenian society. The girls remained at home with their mothers and received little or no education. They were secluded to the home after marriage (Lumpkin, 1990, p. 168). In contrast, the purpose of education in ancient Sparta was to produce a well-drilled, well-disciplined marching army (Donn Donn, 2000). Sparta was known for conquering other lands and everything carried out in the Spartan society was done for the purpose of achieving this goal. To become a superior Spartan soldier, boys had to endure unbelievable pain and hardship. The boys were taken away from their parents at age 7, and lived a harsh and brutal life in the soldiers barracks. The older children started fights with the younger children to make them tough and strong (Donn Donn, 2000). Spartan boys utilized running and jumping as a means of conditioning. They also participated in swimming, hunting, wrestling, boxing, playing ball, riding horses bareback, throwing the discus and the javelin, and competing in the pancratium. A strict code of discipline was placed on its people. As boysShow MoreRelatedAncient Greek Athletes : An Idealized Human1226 Words   |  5 PagesThe Anc ient Greek Athlete: An Idealized Human In Ancient Greece the culture thrived on the Olympic Games. This was a sacred time period were all the Greek country sides would hold fighting and come together (Girginov Parry, 2005). The few Olympic athletes that made it to the games were idealized (â€Å"Ancient Olympia History,† n.d.). The high values the society and people placed on the games and the athletes are what defined the epitome of humankind. Ancient Greek Olympic athletes were oftenRead More Greeks and romans Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pages Three ancient civilizations contributed most to Western society. These ancient cultures were the Romans, Greeks, and Judeo-Christians. Although all three had a major impact on our life today in areas such Philosophy, Art, Architecture, Education, Military, Family Life, Government, and many more, it is evident that the Roman civilization has impacted Western Society beyond the other two. But to come to this conclusion you must first look at all aspects of life of all t hree cultures. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead More Greek Education v.s Roman Education Essay examples6135 Words   |  25 Pagesand Differences: Ancient Greece vs. Ancient Rome nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many qualities of the Ancient Roman civilization were undoubtedly borrowed from their predecessors of the Greek culture (Bonner 1). Roman education, however, is only a reflection of the Greek education system. 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Sony vs Toshiba free essay sample

Why did both Sony and Toshiba perceive it to be so important to get an early lead in sales? Based on past format wars, the trend had been winner takes all. With that in mind, Sony and Toshiba attempted to get as many early adopters as possible and secure early sales so that more people would recognize and buy their particular format over the other in the future. Whichever company achieved the quickest Jump start would see an accelerated demand for its format and hopefully lockout its competition, even though that did not end up being the case for the Sony and Toshiba format wars. 2. What strategies and assets enabled Sony to win the format war? Sony successfully executed many of the strategies that are needed to win the format war. They beat Toshiba to owning Columbia Pictures, MGM, Disney and Fox Studios, while Toshiba only ended up with Universal Studios committed to HD DVD. We will write a custom essay sample on Sony vs Toshiba or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sony continued to implement strategies that would help them sustain the competitive advantage over Sony. They then introduced Blu-Ray to its gaming consoles and laptops. To further increase the supply of Blu-Rays, Sony licensed the format to other consumer electronics firms. By licensing their product to others, it made the Blu-Ray player more available to customers, thus causing companies to make more products in their format. 3. What might Toshiba have done that might have led to a different outcome? If Toshiba would have been more proactive in attempts to line up film studios to commit to issuing discs for HD DVD and licensed their format at to other electronics firms, they could have seen Just as much success as Sony. They limited the sales of the format by preventing it from being easily accessible to customers. Or Toshiba ould have done extensive RD to come out with a gaming console, or other type of electronic device that could be compatible with the HD DVD graphics instead of battling Sony directly in acquiring studio films. . The companies that developed first generation DVD technology decided not to compete on technology, instead harmonizing their technology under the auspices of the DVD Forum. Why do you think they chose a different approach this time around? By allowing the DVD Forum to do the actual leg work of developing the technology of the companies product it may mean better quality and less chance of technology efect/failure, but it also means payments of royalti es. These royalties to the DVD Forum in turn, lower profit margin. By choosing the approach of keeping the creation of the Blu-ray and HD DVD player internal, each company can reap 100% of the revenue. Also, the shift from VHS to DVD was a technological paradigm shift, whereas the shift from DVD to ultimately an improved DVD player is only a technological improvement. There is much more risk involved in a paradigm shift, because little is known about the new technology trying to be implemented and there is no past istory or past knowledge to rely on. However, this time around each company technology field, so decided to save the money that would paid to the DVD forum and create the technology themselves. 5. What are the risks associated with fighting a format war like this? The risks of fighting a format war are that there is little to no compromising with the competitor. It is very difficult for both competitors to win. Fighting a format war also entails making very risky decisions, and beating the competitor to it. One missed opportunity could ultimately be the downfall of your product.

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Native Son By Right Essays (2504 words) - Native Son, Richard Wright

Native Son By Right Richard Wright marked the beginning of a new era in black fiction. He was one of the first American writers of his time to confront his readers with the effects of racism. Wright had a way of telling his reader about his own life through his writing. He is best known for his novel, Native Son, which is deeply rooted in his personal life and the times in which he lived. This paper will discuss this outstanding American writer, his highly acclaimed novel, Native Son, and how his life influenced his writing. Richard Nathaniel Wright, was born on September 4, 1908 in Roxie, Mississippi. His father was a sharecropper and his mother a schoolteacher. In search for better employment his father moved the family to Memphis, Tennessee. While in Memphis, his father worked as a night porter in a hotel and his mother worked as a cook for a Caucasian family. Shortly after their move to Memphis, Wright's father deserted his family. His mother then tried to find any work she could find to support her family. Then, at the age of seven his mother became ill and was unable to financially support her family. As a result, the family had to move to Jackson, Mississippi to live with relatives. Wright remained in Jackson until 1925 (Walker, 13). In 1925, Wright left Jackson and headed as far as his money could take him, and that was Memphis, Tennessee. Memphis was the exact same city in which his father had taken his family to find a better life and where he abandoned them. Wright's first trip to Memphis ended in disappointment, desertion, and deprivation. While there Wright found work as a messenger for an optical company. He lived in Memphis for approximately two years. During that time, he witnessed the deep and violent South which eventually would permanently scar him for life. Margaret Walker wrote: I am convinced that the best of Richard Wright's fiction grew out of the first nineteen years of his life. All he ever wrote of great strength and terrifying beauty must be understood in this light. His subjects and themes, his folk references and history, his characters and places come from the South of his childhood and adolescence. His morbid interest in violence-lynching, rape, and murder-goes back to the murky twilight of a southern past. Out of this racial nightmare marked with racial suffering, poverty, religious fanaticism and sexual confusion emerge the five long stories in Uncle Tom's Children. (Walker 43) The violent impression of Southern racism marked Wright's personality and literature. As a result, he would spend his entire life struggling to express the importance for men to reject the stereotypic notions of race, class, creed, or any other prejudice and to accept human value that honor the human spirit and release intelligence. It was Wright's first nineteen years in the South that opened up his most powerful and passionate writing (Walker 43). In 1927, at the age of nineteen Wright migrated to Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, Wright found a job a as Post Office Clerk and at the same time he continued to self-educate himself by reading books, magazines, and newspapers. While in Chicago he became interested in Communism Issues. The interest came as a result of his concern with the social roots of racial oppression. In 1932, Wright joined the Communist party. He was a party activist in Chicago and New York. Wright's involvement with the Communist party became the subject of most of his fiction writings. After he broke away from the party his writings were centered around it. Wright's years in Chicago are often considered his maturation years, which were years of growing maturity and preparing for an illustrious future (Metzger 608). Wright's career as a writer basically began in the 1930's. In 1930, he wrote his first novel, Lawd Today. His novel, Lawd Today, however was not published until after his death. His first published work was, Uncle Tom's Children: Five Long Stories, which consists of stories that attack the racial discrimination and bigotry that Wright encountered as a youth. Throughout Wright's career he published many outstanding works. Among his works included: five novels, two autobiographies, two books of short stories, four nonfiction books and one collection of essays. Wright's major influence began when he published, Native Son , in 1940. Richard Wright's most notable and highly acclaimed novel is Native Son. Richard Wright contemplated for a while before he decided to write a novel in which a Negro, Bigger Thomas, would become a symbolic figure

Monday, March 16, 2020

Used both Hardball by Chris Matthews and The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

Used both Hardball by Chris Matthews and The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli Good government is defined by the competing values of efficiency and effectiveness and is dependent on quality leadership. Niccolo Machiavelli's treatise, The Prince and Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows the Game, written by journalist and commentator, Chris Matthews are two books that explain the art of leadership from a political perspective. The Prince was initially published posthumously in 1531-1532. While working for the Soderini government, Machiavelli began to analyze his experiences and observations. His analysis was based on his thoughts on human behavior, leadership, and foreign policy which later laid the foundation for The Prince. The Prince was written after Machiavelli had spent approximately six months imprisoned for conspiracy against the Medici government. The final chapter of The Prince concludes with Machiavelli's appeal to the Medici government to supply Italy with a new and ideal prince. The Prince was never extensively read during Machiavel li's lifetime, but rather after his death in 1527.own work, gfdlMatthews is well known for his syndicated column in the San Francisco Chronicle, numerous best selling books, and the television show titled Hardball with Chris Matthews, which is currently televised on MSNBC daily.In the introduction of The Prince, Machiavelli dedicates the treatise to Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de' Medici as evidence of his devotion and states that he possess nothing more valuable than his knowledge of government and hopes it is enough to please him. Without mentioning his hopes of regaining a diplomatic position for the Medici government, Machiavelli states that from his observations he is able to reveal the methods of becoming both an effective and well-respected ruler in order to aid the Medici government. Machiavelli's analysis in The Prince describes characteristics he recommends for the ideal Prince. Matthews defines Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who...

Saturday, February 29, 2020

Challenges Faced By Social Entrepreneurs In India

Challenges Faced By Social Entrepreneurs In India India achieved an average growth rate of 7.7% from 2002-07; however the dividends of this growth have not trickled down to the bottom of the pyramid (Planning Commission of India 2007). According to UNICEF, 42% of India’s population is below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day (UNICEF 2005).   [ 1 ]   India’s Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) aims to reduce the head-count ratio of consumption poverty by 10 percentage points. However, to solve complex problems such as poverty the government, business and citizen sector need to work together and create innovative solution to pressing problems. In fact, Indian government has recognized the positive impact of citizen sector and has provided increasing levels of funding, under the five-year plans. It is estimated that India has 1.2 million to 1.5 million Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operating currently. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the legal, tax and regulatory challenges faced by soc ial enterprises and recommends policy action. The paper is organized as follows: Section II puts forward a definition for social entrepreneur; Section III features two pioneering social entrepreneurs; Section IV focuses on the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs in India; and Section V provides recommendations to counter these challenges. II. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR Social entrepreneurs are not the creation of the modern society. Historically, individuals and groups have combined the concept of entrepreneurship with social value creation to transform a current state of ‘unjust equilibrium’ for a targeted group of society (Roger and Osberg 2007). For example, Florence Nightingale built the foundation for the modern nursing profession at a time when nursing was not considered a respectable profession and lacked any codes, ethics and formal training. Further, this phenomenon was not limited to the developed world even the developing world had its share of so cial innovators. In 1920s, Jamnalal Bajal, founding father of a successful Indian enterprise Bajaj Group   [ 2 ]   , popularized the importance of business ethics and launched social initiatives to eradicate the malice against ‘untouchables’ in Indian society. While social entrepreneurs have existed throughout history, the concept of social entrepreneurship is a relatively recent one. Drawing from social entrepreneurship literature, following are five key components of the concept: (1) creating social value that transforms the lives of those who lack the capacity to change the social and economic ecosystem (2) recognizing and capitalizing on the opportunity embedded in the current state of affairs (3) innovating and dislodging the present system of doing things (4) willing to take risk in this process and undeterred by scarcity of resources (5) forging a new, stable equilibrium that uplifts the lives of the targeted group and expanding this cycle to other geographic al locations (Peredo and McLean 2006) (Roger and Osberg 2007) (Bolton and Thompson 2004). Having emphasized the social entrepreneurs of the past, it is fitting to draw attention to their modern counterparts. III. SUCCESS STORIES OF INDIAN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS Vikram Akula, SKS Microfinance In 2006, Vikram was named by TIME Magazine as one of the world’s 100 most influential people and was awarded Social Entrepreneur of the Year by Schwab Foundation. Vikram recognized that the traditional banking institutions in India failed to reach out to millions of poor due to lack of collateral and high transaction cost; forcing the poor to be trapped in the vicious cycle of small debt-heavy interest by exploitative money lenders.